Fusion dynamics

Burgoyne RD, Fisher RJ, Graham ME et al (2001) Control of membrane fusion dynamics during regulated exocytosis. Biochem Soc Trans 29 467-72 Burke BE, DeLorenzo RJ (1981) Ca2+- and calmodulin-stimulated endogenous phosphorylation of neurotubulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78 991-5... 

Knoll G and Plattner H 1989 Ultrastructural analysis of biological membrane fusion and a tentative correlation with biochemical and biophysical aspects Electron Microscopy of Subcellular Dynamics ed H Plattner (London CRC) pp 95-117... 

More specific to the events after electrical signals have been generated in the retina are observations that critical flicker fusion thresholds, a classical measure of central processing speed relevant to the dynamic functioning of the visual system, are directly proportional (p < 0.001) to MPOD, as first reported by Hammond and Wooten (2005) and confirmed by Renzi et al. (2008a) in a larger population. 

The dynamic mechanical behavior indicates that the glass transition of the rubbery block is basically independent of the butadiene content. Moreover, the melting temperature of the semicrystalline HB block does not show any dependence on composition or architecture of the block copolymer. The above findings combined with the observation of the linear additivity of density and heat of fusion of the block copolymers as a function of composition support the fact that there is a good phase separation of the HI and HB amorphous phases in the solid state of these block copolymers. Future investigations will focus attention on characterizing the melt state of these systems to note if homogeneity exists above Tm. 

The useful separation of static, dynamic, and interactive modeling of objects has been recognized in formal approaches for some time, although it has not been exploited in mainstream 00 methods. Among 00 methods, the idea was used in Fusion [Col93] and in a less obvious way in Syntropy [Cook94]. 

The most widely recommended calibration method for dynamic DSC operation involves the determination of the extrapolated onset temperature for the fusion of several standard substances, using various heating rates [255,256],... 

Analogously to the dynamic method, the energy equivalent of the calorimeter, k.Q, can be obtained by performing calibration experiments in the isothermal mode of operation, using electrically generated heat or the fusion of substances with well-known A us//. Recommendations for the calibration of the temperature scale of DSC instruments for isothermal operation have also been published [254,270]. 

Living cells visualization of membranes, lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA, surface antigens, surface glycoconjugates membrane dynamics membrane permeability membrane potential intracellular pH cytoplasmic calcium, sodium, chloride, proton concentration redox state enzyme activities cell-cell and cell-virus interactions membrane fusion endocytosis viability, cell cycle cytotoxic activity... 

The dynamics of histone H1 in vivo has also been described by taking advantage of GFP fusions in combination with FRAP [23]. From previous biochemical... 

Kanda, T., Sullivan, K.F., and Wahl, G.M. (1998) Histone-GFP fusion protein enables sensitive analysis of chromosome dynamics in living mammalian cells. Curr. Biol. 26 8(7), 377-385. 

Microfilaments of F actin traverse the microvilli in ordered bundles. The microfila-ments are attached to each other by actin-as-sociated proteins, particularly fimbrin and vil-lin. Calmodulin and a myosin-like ATPase connect the microfilaments laterally to the plasma membrane. Fodrin, another microfila-ment-associated protein, anchors the actin fibers to each other at the base, as well as attaching them to the cytoplasmic membrane and to a network of intermediate filaments. In this example, the microfilaments have a mainly static function. In other cases, actin is also involved in dynamic processes. These include muscle contraction (see p. 332), cell movement, phagocytosis by immune cells, the formation of microspikes and lamellipo-dia (cellular extensions), and the acrosomal process during the fusion of sperm with the egg cell. 

Kasson, P.M., Pande, V.S. Control of membrane fusion mechanism by lipid composition predictions from ensemble molecular dynamics. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2007, 3, e220. 

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