Fusinite

Fusinite macerals are generally held to be inert in coking, and in liquefaction, as will be seen below. In the production of metallurgical coke, they do not become fluid on heating, and... 

Concerning the distribution of degradofusinites, M. Teichmuller states (26) "By far the greatest part of Carboniferous and Permian fusinite and semifusinite occurs in dull coal bands (du-rains). These fusinites, in contrast to the fusain lenses, are not visible macroscopically. Their cell structures are poorly... 

There are certainly lithotypes that can be handpicked from European and American coals that are relatively rich in fusinite and semifusinite. However, it is perhaps significant that the mean content of total fusinite + semifusinite in 697 coal samples in the Penn State/DOE Data Base is 8.9%. On the other hand, the content of inertinite macerals in the Permian coals of Gondwana-land is notoriously high and much of this inertinite material consists of semifusinite (5,26,33,34), the concentration of which can be as high as 50% in the whole seam. 

The conversion was highest for coals in a narrow Ro max range of between 0.65 - 0.70. Cudmore s data on Australian coals also appears to exhibit a maximum when reflectance data is plotted against conversion (8). It is difficult to interpret this data because of the large variation in the vitrinite and reactive semi-fusinite content of these coals. The reactivity of vitrinite and reactive semi-fusinite would be expected to vary with rank but to different degrees. For several of the lower rank coals vitrinite is only a minor component of the coal. 

The different slopes for the lines of best fit for total reactives and vitrinite + exinite reflects the special petrology of the majority of South African coals used in this study (see Table III). For these coals the reactives contain a high proportion of semi-fusinite in the inertinite. 

For American and European coking coals the behaviour of semi-fusinite is generally less important since only small quantities of this maceral are usually present. However, South African coal used in coke oven-blends contains as little as 40 per cent vitrinite and as much as 45 per cent reactive semi-fusinite (12). The partial reactivity of the semi-fusinite fraction during liquefaction of Australian coals has been reported by Guyot et al (13). They found that the low reflecting inertinite in two coals up to (a reflectance from 1.40 to 1.49) was reactive. This agrees with the results of Smith and Steyn (12) who consider that the semi-fusinite fraction in South African coals up to V- 5 (1.50 - 1.59) can be reactive to coking. 

It is possible to produce some liquid hydrocarbons from most coals during conversion (pyrolysis and hydrogenation/ catalytic and via solvent refining)/ but the yield and hydrogen consumption required to achieve this yield can vary widely from coal to coal. The weight of data in the literature indicate that the liquid hydrocarbons are derived from the so-called reactive maceralS/ i.e. the vitrinites and exinites present (7 8 1 9). Thusf for coals of the same rank the yield of liquids during conversion would be expected to vary with the vitrinite plus exinite contents. This leads to the general question of effect of rank on the response of a vitrinite and on the yield of liquid products and/ in the context of Australian bituminous coals, where semi-fusinite is usually abundant/ of the role of this maceral in conversion. 

An implication of Cudmore s data (10) for the sub-bituminous and high volatile bituminous coals is that the semi-fusinite as such appears to contribute little to the conversion products, otherwise the apparent dependence of yield on the vitrinite (+ exinite) content would not be so linear. 

CRC 502) are the most soluble. In comparison, the extraction yields of exinites were independent of coal rank. The subdivision of inertinites into fusinite and micrinite showed that fusinite was completely insoluble in anthracene oil, whilst the micrinite was slightly soluble. 

Liptinites were made up of hydrogen-rich hydrocarbons derived from spores, pollens, cuticles, and resins in the original plant material. Vitrinites were made up of wood, bark, and roots and contained less hydrogen than the liptinites. Inertinites are mainly oxidation products of the other macerals and are consequently richer in carbon. The inertinite group includes fusinite, most of which is fossil charcoal, derived from ancient peat fires. 

Fusidic acid, bacterial resistance mechanisms, 3 32t Fusinite, 6 707t, 719, 828 Fusion, PVC, 25 663-664. See also Cold fusion Deuterium fusion Fusion-bonded-epoxies (FBE), 10 440 Fusion carburization, 4 674-675 Fusion-cast refractories, 21 504 shapes of, 21 481-482 Fusion method, for tin content assays, 24 791, 792... 

Two different kinetic approaches have been used to obtain mechanistic information [15,16]. Kinetic studies carried out by EPR spectroscopy using fusinite as a paramagnetic probe of the oxygen concentration allowed the oxidizability of poly(hydrosilane)s to be obtained [15]. Oxidizability values of 1.8 x 10 and... 

Fusinoid Predominantly Isotropic -coal precursor material recognisable as fusinite, high reflectance. 

The above models are representative of the active macerals, particularly vitrinite. Inert macerals, such as fusinite and micrinite, are believed to have large aromatic planar structures with fewer substituents (14) and behave similar to chars. 

Figure 1. Petrography of Lower Kittanning coal at West Kittanning. Pennsylvania. Symbols V—vitrinite, E—exinite, M—micrinite, SF— semifusinite, F—fusinite...

Layer No. Column V it finite Exinite MicHnite S emifusinite Fusinite... 

Bed Sample No. Vitrinite Exinite Micrinite fusinite Fusinite Ash inches... 

Column Vit finite Exinite Micrinite Semifusinite Fusinite... 

The physical or petrographic components of coal are defined or described in various ways. In one system, which depends on microscopic observation, the principal components are called exinite, vitrinite, micrinite, and fusinite. Transparency of these in a thin section decreases in that order, whereas reflectance from polished surface increases in the same order. Vitrinite, the major component of most coals, occurs in bands or strands and is usually uniform in appearance, though sometimes shows cell structure exinite consists of the remains of plant spores, pollen, and cuticles with characteristic shape micrinite occurs in very fine granular form or massive structureless, irregular form fusinite shows characteristic fibrous, cellular structure. Semifusinite is transitional between vitrinite and fusinite. On a macroscopic scale, vitrain and... 

Semifusinite is also included in the vitrinoid group of macerals. It is distinguished from fusinite by a degree of translucence in thin section and lower reflectivity in polished specimens. Semifusinites may be subgrouped according to appearance, which however was not attempted. The semifusinites very often occur as a transition stage between vitrinoids and fusinoids. 

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