Fusarium trichothecenes, detection

Nicholson P, Simpson D R, Wilson A H, Chandler E and Thomsett M (2004), Detection and differentiation of trichothecene enniatin-producing Fusarium species on small-grain cereals , Europ. J. Plant Pathol., 110, 503-514. 

Agodi, A., Barchitta, M., Ferrante, M., Sciacca, S., and Niessen, L. (2005). Detection of trichothecene producing Fusarium spp. by PCR Adaptation, validation and application to fast food. Italian J. Public Health 3, 7-11. 

Bluhm, B. H., Flaherty, J. E., Cousin, M. A., and Woloshuk, C. P. (2002). Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction assay for the differential detection of trichothecene- and fumonisin-producing species of Fusarium in cornmeal. /. Food Prot. 65,1955-1961. 

Demeke, T., Clear, R. M., Patrick, S. K., and Gaba, D. (2005). Species specific PCR-based assays for the detection of Fusarium species and a comparison with the whole seed agar plate method and trichothecene analysis. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 103, 271-284. 

Kristensen, R., Berdal, K. G., and Holst-Jensen, A. (2006a). Simultaneous detection and identification of trichothecene- and moniliformin-producing Fusarium species based on multiplex SNP analysis. /. Appl. Microbiol, pp. 11. doi 10.1111/j.l365-2672.2006.03166.x. 

Niessen, M. L., and Vogel, R. F. (1998). Group specific PCR-detection of potential trichothecene-producing Fusarium-spedes in pure cultures and cereal samples. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 21, 618-631. 

Niessen, L., Schmidt, H., and Vogel, R. F. (2004). The use of triS gene-sequences for PCR detection and taxonomy of trichothecene-producing species in the Fusarium section Sporotrichiella. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95, 305-319. 

Straumfors Halstensen, A., Nordby, K. C., Eduard, W., and Sletner Klemsdal, S. (2006a). Real-time PCR detection of toxigenic Fusarium in airborne and settled grain dust and associations with trichothecene mycotoxms. /. Environ. Monit. 8,1235-1241. 

Detection methods for T-2 toxin and other Fusarium toxins have been recently reviewed (Krska et al., 2007 Ler et al., 2006). Trichothecene analysis can be done by screening methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ELISA or analytical methods such as gas chromatography (GC) and high performance hquid chromatography (HPLC). GC instrumentation has been the most frequently used method for experimental work with trichothecenes. Newer methodologies, such as GC-MS and LC-MS, have an excellent lowest level of detection (LOD) of 5 ng/g for T-2 toxin in cereals and food, and wheat flour respectively (Ler et al., 2006). Improved sensitivity for... 

Ueno, Y., Sato, N., Ishii, K., Sakai, K., Tsunoda, H. (1973). Biological and chemical detection of trichothecene mycotoxins of Fusarium species. Appl. Microbiol. 25 699-704. 

Trichodiene (49 Scheme 1) has been detected as a volatile product of Monascus purpureus and of Stachybotrys atra, but the trichothecene relatives (Table 8), including, possibly, the loukacinols (see note c), are essentially products of Fusarium spp. and T. roseum. 

Another important application arising from the work with trichodiene synthase has been the development of Tri5 specific polymerase chain reaction-based assays for the detection of potential trichothecene-producing Fusarium species in pure culture and in contaminated grain (269,275,276). 

Ueno Y, Sato N, Ishii K, Sakai K, Tsunoda H, Enomoto M (1973) Biologieal and Chemical Detection of Trichothecene Mycotoxins of Fusarium Species. Appl Microbiol 25 699... 

Niessen ML, Vogel RE (1998) Group Specific PCR-Detection of Potential Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium Species in Pure Cultures and Cereal Samples. System Appl Microbiol 21 618... 

For both. A- and B- trichothecenes there is still a lack of simple and reliable screening methods enabling the rapid detection of these mycotoxins at low cost. Besides the increasing demand for rapid screening methods for both A- and B-trichothecens, the use of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enabling both quantification and identification of several trichothecenes simultaneously can be considered a major future trend in the analysis of these Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals (Krska et al., 2001). 

Although the outbreak caused by type B trichothecenes is less severe than ATA, acute human illnesses caused by the consumption of Fusarium- mitcltA wheat and barley have been reported in Japan, India, and China [7-9]. In these outbreaks, DON, NIV, and zearalenone were commonly detected in food. 

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