Fusarium graminearum mycotoxins

Zearalenon is a natural contaminator of maze, wheat, oats, barley and hay. The synthesis of the toxin is enhanced by high humidity and low temperatures and is also often found together with trichothecenes. This mycotoxin is synthesized by several strains of Fusarium mainly by Fusarium sporotrichoides and Fusarium graminearum etc. 

Martinelli, J.A. C.A.C. Bocchese W. Xie K. O Donnell H.C. Kistler. Soybean pod bligbt and root rot caused by lineages of Fusarium graminearum and the production of mycotoxins. Fitopatohgia Brasileira 2004, 29, 492-498. 

Pineiro MS, Scott PM, Kanhere SR (1996) Mycotoxin Producing Potential of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Uruguayan Barley. Mycopathologia 132 167... 

Soares da Silva N, Kemmelmeir C (1994) Identification of Mycotoxins Produced by Fusarium graminearum Isolates Grown on Maize (Zea mays L). Arg Biol Tecnol 37 551 (1995) Chem Abstr 122 284356... 

Szecsi A, Bartok T (1995) Trichothecene Chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum Isolated from Corn in Hungary. Mycotoxin Res 11 85... 

Nakajima T, Yoshida M (2007) Mycotoxin productivity and virulence of Fusarium graminearum species complex causing Fusarium head blight on wheat and barley in the western part of Japan. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 73 106... 

In addition to their impacts as mycotoxins, trichothecenes are also known as phytotoxins for the toxin-producing phytopathogenic fungi 230 Above all, Fusarium species, such as F. graminearum and F. culmorum, are the problematic fungal species producing trichothecenes because they are the causal pathogens of Fusarium head... 

The effect of L. rhamnosus on growth and production of mycotoxins by Fusarium species, such as F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, and F. graminearum, was studied by Stiles and Bullerman (2002). Fumonisin Bj production was up to 63.2% inhibited in F. proliferatum, fumonisin B2 production by F. verticillioides was reduced up to 43.4%, and production of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone by F. graminearum was affected up to 92% and 87.5%, respectively. 

Zearalenone, also known as mycotoxin F2, or (3S,11E)-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-3,4,5,6,9,10-hexahydro-lH-2-benzoxacyclo-tetradecine-l,7(8H)-dione (12-109), is another toxicologicaUy significant secondary metabolite of filamentous fungi of the genus Fusarium. The major producers of zearalenone are fungi F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. cerealis, F. equiseti and F. semitectum. Zearalenone is found mostly in cereals, especially in maize, but often also in wheat, barley and oats and sometimes in... 

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