Fungus Trichoderma viride

Matsumura and Bousch (1966) isolated carboxy lest erase (s) enzymes from the soil fungus Trichoderma viride und a bacterium Pseudomonas sp., obtained from Ohio soil samples, that were capable of degrading malathion. Compounds identified included diethyl maleate, desmethyl malathion, carboxylesterase products, other hydrolysis products, and unidentified metabolites. The authors found that these microbial populations did not have the capability to oxidize malathion due to the absence of malaoxon. However, the major degradative pathway appeared to be desmethylation and the formation of carboxylic acid derivatives. 

Matsumura, F. and Boush, G.M. Degradation of insecticides by a soil fungus, Trichoderma viride.J. Econ. EntomoL, 61 610-612, 1968. 

Piel, J., Atzorn, R., Gabler, R., Kuhnemann, F. and Boland, W. (1997). Cellulysin from the plant parasitic fungus Trichoderma viride elicits volatile biosynthesis in higher plants via the octadecanoid signalling cascade. Febs Letters 416 143-148. 

There are many sources of cellulolytic enzymes however, the fungus Trichoderma viride has proved to be the most effective source to date. The microbiology (25,32) and enzyme kinetics (24,30) studies on this organism have been pioneered by workers such as Reese and Mandels at... 

Zimmer, D.E., Pedersen, M.W., McGuire, D.F. Abioassay for alfalfa saponins using the fungus Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. Crop Sci 1967 7 223-224. 

In 1970 Payne et al. 226) elucidated the lipophilic a-helical structure of the eicosapeptide alamethicin 97 (eight a-aminobutyric acid residues = Aib, L-phenylalaninol = Phi), isolated from the culture liquid of the fungus Trichoderma viride. The sequence of the amphiphilic peptide antibiotic was confirmed in 1985 by Jung et al. 227) by total syntheses. 

Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Saccharification of wood polysaccharides to sugars can be accomplished by enzymatic techniques instead of acid hydrolysis. The U.S. Army Natick Laboratories developed a method for conversion of cellulose to glucose with a cellulose enzyme from an active strain of the fungus Trichoderma viride. However, extensive pretreatment of wood is necessary before sufficient enzymatic hydrolysis will take place. 

Several naturally occurring organosulfur compounds show pesticidal activity examples include nereistoxin (77), isolated from the marine worm Lumbriconereis heteropoda, which is insecticidal, and the antifungal antibiotic gliotoxin (78) (Figure 10), produced by the soil fungus Trichoderma viride. 

The stilbene pinosylvin and its derivatives showed inhibitory activity on the fungal shoot blight and canker pathogen of conifers Sphaeropsis sapinea (P<0.001) [453]. Isorhapontin could inhibit the growth of the wood-staining fungus Trichoderma viride by inhibiting Trichoderma cellulases activity [454 and references therein]. 

The peptaibols, a class of small, naturally occurring peptides, have been used as models of ion channels which consist of a bundle of transmembrane helices surrounding a central pore. Perhaps the most thoroughly studied member of this class of peptides is alamethicin. Alamethicin is a 20-residue linear peptide from the fungus Trichoderma viride. The sequence of this hydrophobic peptide is shown below ... 

Alamethicin is a natural peptide of 20 amino acids (produced by the fungus Trichoderma viride). Since the late 1960s, the channels formed by alamethicin in lipid bilayers have been studied as a model for voltage-gated ion channels (20 review in reference 21 see a fairly complete list of references in reference 2). Recently the alamethicin channels have been shown to be tension dependent (22). Although alamethicin is one of the best characterized channels, there is a long-standing controversy about which model best describes the experimental data. 

There is evidence that the source of isolate or the exact experimental conditions may influence the results. For example, the soil fungus, Trichoderma viride is effective (13) and ineffective (14) in degrading dieldrin. 

Alamethicin, a member of the peptai-bols produced by the fungus Trichoderma viride. This is one of the most extensively investigated member of the long peptaibol antibiotics. Alamethicin consists of a natural microheterogeneous peptaibol mixture... 

Sulphopropyl-Sephadex has been used for the purification of (J-D-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-hexosidases A and B from human kidneyand of a (1 - 4)- 3-D-glucan glucanohydrolase from the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride QM 9414. ... 

This method of plotting ionic data was developed in Oxford by Simon (1950), who found that the majority of those substances that are most active when least ionized nevertheless have ions which exert some of the activity. For another example, the anti-fungal action of 2,4-dinitrophenol (p. Ta 4.0), at various pH values, on the fungus Trichoderma viride, see Simon and Beevers (1952). 

Of greater interest, because it may indicate how potassium pores are formed and controlled in mammalian physiology, is alamethicin, a linear peptide from the fungus Trichoderma viride. It has 20 peptide-linked components which, except for the terminal L-phenylalaninol, are all amino acids eight of them are a-aminoisobutyric acid residues, and the others are normal protein constituents. X-ray crystal structure analysis shows that the residues facing in one direction are hydrophilic and those of opposite situation are lipophilic. 

Alfalfa saponins are known to inhibit the germination of lettuce seeds, as are those of certain other species. They also inhibit growth of the soil fungus Trichoderma viride. 

Mixtures or unpurified extracellular enzymes from various sources are used for degradation studies. Using cotton fibers and other substrates, Wilson and Wood [39] detected three different types of enzyme present in culture filtrates of Neocallimastix frontalis RK21. Haga et al. [51] used commercially available crude cellulases from the fungus Trichoderma viride to test the extents of biodegradation of fibers that had... 

Collins, R. P., and A. F. Halim Characterization of the Major Aroma Constituent of the Fungus Trichoderma viride. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20, 437 (1972). 

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