Fungi in the soil

Thus chitin is abunckmt in the sea, in diatom blooms and in the zooplankton, most notably in the shoals of krill and on the land, in invertebrates and in fungi in the soil. Potential industrial sources are wastes from shrimps and crabs, krill, squid, clams and oysters, and fungal fermentations (13). The krUl fishery alone produces 3000 tons per year, currently going to waste. 

The presence of certain fungi in the soil is of critical importance to many higher plants, because the fungi play a symbiotic role with their roots. Root tips of trees, shrubs, and herbs become infected with soil... 

The method of combatting fungi in the soil which comprises applying a fungicidal amount and concentration of l-chloro-2-nitropropane to the soil. ... 

There must be a susceptible plant. For example, a tomato plant is susceptible to damping-off disease when it is a small seedling, but is resistant to this disease when it is growing luxuriantly in midsummer. Club root fungi in the soil can attack cabbage roots, but cannot infect tomato roots. 

A range of biological activities have been ascribed to the Trichoderma isocyano metabolites. Their antibiotic activity extends to the inhibition of the growth of rumen bacteria with resulting nutritional deprivation of the animal [141,142]. Ovine ill-thrift, a condition in which sheep fail to thrive, has been linked to the ingestion of plant material infected with Trichoderma species which produce these compounds. However, it seems unlikely that the use of these fungi in the soil would lead to significant accumulation of these compounds in the plant. 

ABSTRACT The roots of Rubia tinctorum L. (madder) are the source of a natural dye. In this review for the first time all the different information on Rubia tinctorum available in the literature is summarised. The dye components are anthraquinones which probably contribute to the resistance of the plant against fungi in the soil. Madder roots have been used to dye textiles in many parts of the world since ancient times and an overview of the historical development, cultivation, harvesting and dyeing techniques of madder is given. The anthraquinone alizarin, the hydrolysis product of ruberythric acid, is supposed to be the main dye component of Rubia tinctorum. The chemical synthesis of alizarin and the biosynthesis of the anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum are described. As far as the purification, structure elucidation and structures of isolated compounds are concerned, the review confines itself to the anthraquinones of madder. Finally the pharmacology and medicinal uses of madder and pure anthraquinones are discussed. This review supplements and updates earlier partial reviews on madder or anthraquinones by Schweppe, Thomson and Wijnsma. 

The roots of Rubia tinctorum L. (madder) are the source of a natural dye and they have been used to dye textiles in many parts of the world since ancient times [1], The dye components are anthraquinones [1] with alizarin, the hydrolysis product of ruberythric acid, being the main dye component of Rubia tinctorum. The anthraquinones probably contribute to the resistance of the plant against fungi in the soil [2]. 

For killing fungi in the soil, salts of methyldithiocarbamic acid and various chloronitrobenzenes have been found suitable for soil fumigation more volatile substances such as chlrropicrin and methyl isothiocyanate are preferred. 

Dietary additives can affect the microbiota that are associated with the faeces of animals and degradation of the faeces may be impaired because of the influence of the excretory products on insects, microbes and fungi. The microbiota in the soil and waste material may be affected, thus altering the fertility of the pasture and sustainability of other wildlife. These microbiota can be used as dietary ingredients for animals, so inhibition of their production would be an unsatisfactory consequence of dietary additives. ... 

Trees and soils of forests act as sources of NH3 and oxides of nitrogen. Ammonia is formed in the soil by several types of bacteria and fungi. The volatilization of ammonia and its subsequent release to the atmosphere are dependent on temperature and the pH of the soil. Fertilizers are used as a tool in forest management. The volatilization of applied fertilizers may become a source of ammonia to the atmosphere, especially from the use of urea. 

In nature, there are several sources of enzymes that are capable of catalysing the hydrolysis of PHB. The polymer itself is produced by bacteria and occurs in cells as discrete inclusion bodies. These bodies contain the necessary enzymes for degrading the polymer, preventing its build-up in the cell. As well as this, there are numerous bacteria and fungi, many of which are found in the soil, that are capable of secreting the necessary enzymes outside their cell walls, and thus of iiufiating degradation of PHB. 

N. S. Bolan, A critical review on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of phosphorus by plants. Plant and Soil /.W 189 (1991). 

J. M. Norton and M. K. Firestone, Metabolic status of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere of Ponderosa pine seedlings. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22 449 (1991). 

Recent reviews have focused on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of heavy metals from polluted soils and their transfer to the plant (123). Several experimental data provide clear evidence that both ectomycorrhizal and ericoid fungi protect their host against these metals (123-125). The position with regard to the AM fungi is less clear (123). 

Blank RR, Young JA (2002) Influence of the exotic invasive crucifer, Lepidium latifolium, on soil properties and elemental cycling. Soil Sci 167 821-829 Bolan NS (1991) A critical review on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of phosphorus by plants. Plant Soil 134 189-207. doi http //dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012037 Bullock JM, Pywell RF, Burke MJW, Walker KJ (2001) Restoration of biodiversity enhances agricultural production. Ecol Lett 4 185-189... 

A comparison of the mean amino acid composition of the soils with those of algae, bacteria, fungi, and yeasts showed the greatest similarity to that of bacteria. [4] This suggests, perhaps not too surprisingly, a major role for microorganisms in the synthesis in the soil of amino acids, peptides and proteins from plant and animal residues, and also explains the relatively uniform amino acid composition in different soils. 

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