Fundamental Materials Properties

In investigations of proton conducting and mixed proton conducting oxides, one is usually interested in finding the concentration of protons and their role in the defect structure. Absolute measures of the proton content can be determined with a number of methods, most commonly and simply by thermogravimetry (TG). Various procedures are in use  

One may measure the weight of a sample in a certain atmosphere versus temperature (isobars). This can be done in an oxidizing atmosphere (O2 -1- H2O -1-inert poj Pufi = constant) or in a reducing atmosphere (H2 -1- H2O -1- inert  

It should be mentioned that thermogravimetry versus T, or p o suffers from many potential sources of error. This includes buoyancy effects (especially of T and p J, dissolution of H in balance materials such as Pt wires, adsorption of H2O on balance parts (especially cold counterweights) and slow changes and equilibria because H2O and D2O adsorb on apparatus and tubing walls and are changed/exchanged slowly. 

Muons are elementary particles that have the same charge as a proton and l/9th of its mass. When introduced in a chemical setting like an oxide, they thus behave like a light hydrogen ion isotope. They can take up an electron and become muonium, a hydrogen-like atomic species. They have short lifetimes, but one may study their oxidation state and environment by muon spin resonance (pSR) spectroscopy (an analog to NMR spectroscopy). This has been used to study hydrogen in semiconductors [34] and in some cases in relevant oxides [35]. 

When materials have very high conductivities, one needs to use four-electrode measurements to avoid limitations from the in-plane resistance of the electrode 

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When an isotropic material is subjected to planar shock compression, it experiences a relatively large compressive strain in the direction of the shock propagation, but zero strain in the two lateral directions. Any real planar shock has a limited lateral extent, of course. Nevertheless, the finite lateral dimensions can affect the uniaxial strain nature of a planar shock only after the edge effects have had time to propagate from a lateral boundary to the point in question. Edge effects travel at the speed of sound in the compressed material. Measurements taken before the arrival of edge effects are the same as if the lateral dimensions were infinite, and such early measurements are crucial to shock-compression science. It is the independence of lateral dimensions which so greatly simplifies the translation of planar shock-wave experimental data into fundamental material property information. 

This is a very important relationship in that it permits the fundamental material property Gc to be calculated from the fracture force, Fc, and the variation of compliance with crack length. 

Lampinen, M. J. and Toivonen, K., Application of a Thermodynamic Theory to Determine Capillary Pressure and Other Fundamental Material Properties Affecting the Drying Process, DRYING 84, Springer-Verlag, 228-244, 1984. 

Many fundamental material properties are accessible in rheological and mechanical testing experiments [60]. Rheological properties are not only very relevant for the processing of polymers, they are also the basis for understanding chain motion and relaxation processes in (linear) polymers. Relatively few rheological studies have been reported on PPC, often only in combination with the processing of PPC [15,61]. 

The K-M parameters are purely phenomenological, i.e. they were not derived from fundamental material properties. It is possible. 

This book is devoted to the properties, preparation and applications of zinc oxide (ZnO) as an transparent electrode material. It focuses on ZnO for thin film solar cell applications and hopefully inspires also readers from related fields. The book is structured into three parts to serve both as an overview as well as a data collection for students, engineers and scientists. The first part, Chaps. 1-4, provide an overview of the application and fundamental material properties of ZnO films and their surface and interfaces properties. Chaps. 5-7 review thin film deposition techniques applied for ZnO preparation on lab scale but also for large area production. Finally, Chaps. 8 and 9 are devoted to applications of ZnO in silicon- and chalcopyrite-based thin film solar cells, respectively. One should note that the application of CVD grown ZnO in silicon thin film cells is discussed earlier in Chap. 6. 

Fig. 1. Relationship between crack tip stress intensity and crack velocity—a fundamental material property, Kn,(a).

Two properties quantify the flow of thermal energy through a specimen at a rate dependent upon the temperature differential, the fundamental material properties, and the preparation conditions of the particular specimen ... 

The methods developed in this book can also provide input parameters for calculations using techniques such as mean field theory and mesoscale simulations to predict the morphologies of multiphase materials (Chapter 19), and to calculations based on composite theory to predict the thermoelastic and transport properties of such materials in terms of material properties and phase morphology (Chapter 20). Material properties calculated by the correlations presented in this book can also be used as input parameters in computationally-intensive continuum mechanical simulations (for example, by finite element analysis) for the properties of composite materials and/or of finished parts with diverse sizes, shapes and configurations. The work presented in this book therefore constitutes a "bridge" from the molecular structure and fundamental material properties to the performance of finished parts. 

The force required to propagate a starter tear in the specimen is recorded in the course of the standard test procedures. The tear. strength is expressed either as the maximum value (alternatively the average value) of the tearing force recorded or as the maximum force (alternatively the average force) per specimen thickness (in kN/m). The information from these standard tests, while useful for quality control and acceptance testing, does not produce a fundamental material property suitable for design applications. 

Since a = K//0c, diffusivity is often regarded as just a mathematical parameter rather than a fundamental material property. However, the fundamental significance of diffusivity can be seen if we think wholly in terms of energy. 

In using quantum yield data to estimate photodamage, it is important to remember that <[)(A,) is not a fundamental material property. It may depend on factors such as film thickness, moisture content, and compounding/processing... 

This approach relies on the availability of the experimental data for the number of nuclei, n(T), and crystal growth rate, G(T). These data are fundamental material properties, and can be measured independently of the measurement of crystallization rate. 

We saw in Subsection 4.2.2 that satisfaction of condition 1 was almost sufficient for a semiconductor to be a satisfactory photovoltaic detector material conditions 2 through 4 placed demands mainly on device design and technology rather than on fundamental properties of the semiconductor material. The situation is more restrictive for intrinsic photoconductive detectors, because condition 3 places specific demands on fundamental material properties which eliminate some classes of semiconductors as satisfactory high-performance detector materials. Let us consider condition 3 in a qualitative way next to determine which materials may be satisfactory. We shall treat conditions 2 and 3 in terms of a quantitative example later. 

The superiority of using lasers for material studies often lies in its spatial and temporal flexibilities, that is, the material can selectively excited and probed in space and time. These qualities may allow us to elucidate fundamental material properties not accessible to conventional techniques. The location, dimension, direction, and duration of the material excitation can be readily controlled through adjustment of the beam spot, direction, polarization, and pulse width of the exciting laser field. The flexibilities can be further enhanced when two or more light waves are used to induce excitations. Such a technique, however, has not yet been fully explored in liquid-crystal research. Although the recent studies of optical-field-induced molecular reorientation in nematic liquid-crystal films have demonstrated the ability of the technique to resolve spatial variation of excitations, corresponding transient phenomena induced by pulsed optical fields have not yet been reported in the literature. Because of the possibility of using lasers to induce excitations on a very short time scale, such studies could provide rare opportunities to test the applicability of the continuum theory in the extreme cases. 

Time-to-delamination performance, which is not a fundamental material property, but is a simple method used to assess thermal stabihty of a conqjosite material at different tenperatures... 

STATE OF OUR KNOWLEDGE ON RELATIONS BETWEEN (1) TAN 6 AND Tg OF CONVENTIONAL TIRE RUBBERS AND (2) MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNDAMENTAL MATERIAL PROPERTIES... 

In this chapter, I will conduct a review on some of the fundamental material properties of relaxor ferroelectric PLZT ceramics, which include the dielectric, ferroelectric, electromechanical, electro-optical and thermo-optical behaviours. Further details on each section can be found in the references (Levesque and Sabat 2011 Sabat, Rochon, and Mukherjee 2008 Sabat and Rochon 2009b Sabat and Rochon 2009c Sabat and Rochon 2009a). 

In order to describe how the various molecular structural features of solution rubbers influence rolling resistance and traction, it is necessary to relate these performance properties of tyres in terms of the fundamental material properties of rubbers (Fig. 23). The loss tangent of a tread rubber vulcanizate determined at about 100 Hz and at a temperature of 60°C is a significant material property that relates to the energy dissipated per cycle in a rolling tyre, i.e. the tyre s rolling resistance. The 7 of the rubber is a suitable physical material... 

Fig. 23. Relationship of performance and fundamental material properties of tyre tread rubbers. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 62, by courtesy of Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.).

Moving up the scale to the level of flooded nanoporous electrodes, Michael s group has developed the first theoretical model of ionomer-free ultrathin catalyst layers—a type of layer that promises drastic savings in catalyst loading. Based on the Poisson-Nernst-Planck theory, the model rationalized the impact of interfacial charging effects at pore walls and nanoporosity on electrochemical performance. In the end, this model links fundamental material properties, kinetic parameters, and transport properties with current generation in nanoporous electrodes. 

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