Diversity function

Weber, PC., Salemme, ER. Structural and functional diversity in 4-a-helical proteins. Nature 287 82-84, 1980. 

Babbit, P.C., et al. A functionally diverse enzyme superfamily that abstracts the a protons of carboxylic acids. Science 267 1159-1161, 1995. 

Later we return to an analysis of the 1° structure of proteins and the methodology used in determining the amino acid sequence of polypeptide chains, but let s first consider the extraordinary variety and functional diversity of these most interesting macromolecules. 

Betz H, Laube B (2006) Glycine receptors recent insights into their structural organization and functional diversity. JNeurochem 97 1600-1610... 

Hoyer D, Hannon J, Martin GR (2002) Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71 533—554... 

Structursd Emd Functional Diversity of Ferredoxins Emd Related Proteins Hiroshi Matsuhara and Kazuhiko Saeki... 

Williams PA, Cosme J, Sridhar V, Johnson EF, McRee DE. Mammalian microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase structural adaptations for membrane binding and functional diversity. Mol Cell 2000 5 121-31. 

Blaustein MP, Golovina VA (2001) Structural complexity and functional diversity of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2-i-) stores. Trends Neurosci 24 602-608 Bonavia R, Bajetto A, Barbero S, Pirani P, Florio T, Schettini G (2003) Chemokines and then-receptors in the CNS expression of CXCL12/SDF-1 and CXCR4 and their role in astrocyte proliferation. Toxicol Lett 139 181-189... 

The NMDA receptor has a heteromeric structure composed of two subunit types NRl and NR2, the latter having four subunits (NR2A-NR2D) (Fig. 10.2). Molecular genetic techniques have demonstrated that native NMDA receptors are likely to be composed of a combination of the NRl subunit (which can exist in eight different splice variants) and one or more of the four NR2 subunits which are the main determinants of functional diversity among the NMDA receptors (see Chapter 3 for further details). It has been shown that there are distinct developmental and spatial expression patterns of NMDA receptor NRl subunit splice variants and NR2 receptor subunits in the CNS. 

Proteins are essential to all living systems. Proteins are macromolecules and, like all biological macromolecules, polymers (Alberts et al. 1994). The structural units of proteins (monomers) are about 20 amino acids. Although no clear line exists, proteins are generally considered to have minimal chain lengths of about 50 amino acids, corresponding to molecular masses near 5000 daltons. The most complicated proteins contain several thousand amino acids and have molecular masses of several million daltons. The functional diversity ranges from ... 

Biochemical tests are usually performed after pure cultures have been obtained. The standard indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate, and litmus milk tests may be used to show important physiological characteristics. To study the functional diversity of bacteria, the utilization of carbohydrates, amines, amides, carboxylic acids, amino acids, polymers, and other carbon and nitrogen sources can be tested.28 Dilution-based most-probable number (MPN) techniques with phospholipid fatty acids as biomarkers have been employed for studying different bacterial species in lakes.40 The patterns of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from natural waters have been useful for identifying sources of water pollution.34... 

Preston-Mafham, J. Boddy, L. Randerson, P. F. Analysis of microbial community functional diversity using sole-carbon-source utilisation profiles—A critique. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2002, 42,1-14. 

Wellington, E. M. H. Berry, A. Krsek, M. Resolving functional diversity in relation to microbial community structure in soil Exploiting genomics and stable isotope probing. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2003, 6,295-301. 

Miki T, Ushio M, Fukui S, Kondoh M. Functional diversity of microbial decomposers facilitates plant coexistence in a plant-microbe-soil feedback model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010.107 pp. 14251-14256. doi 10.1073/pnas.0914281107. 

Abbas, A.K., Murphy, KM. and Sher, A. (1996) Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 383, 787-793. 

Riches, D. W., Signalling heterogeneity as a contributing factor in macrophage functional diversity. Semin. Cell Biol. 6(6), 377-384 (1995). 

Zhong WFI, Cai ZC (2007) Long-term effects of inorganic fertilizers on microbial biomass and community functional diversity in a paddy soil derived from quaternary red clay. Appl Soil Ecol 36 84-91... 

There are also Na+ pump y-subunits, a family of=15 kDa proteolipids that can associate with sodium pump a-subunits. However they are not necessary for pump activity nor are they expressed in all cells. The y-subunits are classed as members of the FXYD gene family and several are expressed in brain [5]. The kidney expresses almost exclusively Na+,K+ pumps with arsubunits throughout the functionally diverse segments of the nephron, but different y-subunits are expressed in different segments. From this it is inferred that different y-subunits optimize the sodium pump for operation under the varying ionic environments [6]. 

Ceulemans, H. and Bollen, M. Functional diversity of protein phosphatase-1, a cellular economizer and reset button. Physiol. Rev. 84 1-39, 2004. 

Babiychuk EB, Draeger A 2000 Annexins in cell membrane dynamics. Ca2+-regulated association of lipid microdomains. J Cell Biol 150 1113-1124 Ber DM 2001 Excitation-contraction coupling and cardiac contractile force, 2nd edn. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London Blaustein MP, Golovina VA 2001 Structural complexity and functional diversity of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores. Trends Neurosci 24 602—608 Flynn ER, Bradley KN, Muir TC, McCarron JG 2001 Functionally separate intracellular Ca2+ stores in smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 276 36411-36418 Fry CH, WuCl 997 Initiation of contraction in detrusor smooth muscle. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 184 7-14... 

The plasmodesmata may be aggregated in primary pit fields or in the pit membranes between pit pahs. The plasmodesmata appear as narrow canals (2 pm) lined by a plasma membrane and are traversed by a des-motubule, a tubule of endoplasmic reticulum. The plasmodemata are dynamic altering their dimensions and are functionally diverse. For example, whereas some transport endogenous plant transcription factors, others transport numerous proteins from companion cells to enucleated sieve elements. 

Keywords Comparison Functional diversity Molecular tool Organic farming Soil processes... 

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