Fumigants ethylene dibromide

Historically, the first bark sprays to be used widely were fumigants (18, 41). Called penetrating sprays, they are applied in high volumes (2 to 6 gal./100 sq. ft. of bark surface) to penetrate the bark and kill the bark beetles in their galleries. Through the years the fumigant ethylene dibromide in oil or water emulsion was developed and adopted for suppression of several bark beetle species as a penetrating spray (15, 19, 29, 30, 42, 45, 47). 

Spermatids Few agents have been specifically implicated in spermatid toxicity. Exposure to methyl chloride (once used as a fumigant) caused a delayed release of mature spermatids from the testis. In addition, spermatids were present at much later stages than would be expected. Another discontinued fumigant, ethylene dibromide, also directly affects spermatids, although other germ cell types were also affected. 

Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Hydroxypropyl methacrylate grain fumigant Ethylene dibromide grain refiner, Al... 

Bromine is used in the manufacture of many important organic compounds including 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide), added to petrol to prevent lead deposition which occurs by decomposition of the anti-knock —lead tetraethyl bromomethane (methyl bromide), a fumigating agent, and several compounds used to reduce flammability of polyester plastics and epoxide resins. Silver(I) bromide is used extensively in the photographic industry... 

Until It was banned in the United States in 1984 1 2 di bromoethane (ethylene dibromide orEDB)waspro duced on a large scale for use as a pesticide and soil fumigant... 

The various fumigants often exhibit considerable specificity toward insect pests, as shown in Table 8. The proper choice for any control operation is determined not only by the effectiveness of the gas but by cost safety to humans, animals, and plants flammabdity penetratabdity effect on seed germination and reactivity with furnishings. The fumigants may be used individually or in combination. Carbon tetrachloride has been incorporated with carbon disulfide, ethylene dichloride, or ethylene dibromide to decrease flammability, and carbon dioxide is used with ethylene oxide for the same purpose. 

About 10% is marketed ia elemental form. Eighteen percent is converted to ethylene dibromide [106-93 ] for use ia gasoline and 30% is used ia fire retardants. Fifteen percent is used as a soil fumigant methyl bromide [74-83-9]. Other commercial forms are alkaU metal bromides, ammonium bromide [12124-97-9] and hydrobromic acid [10035-10-6],... 

In the evaluation of ethylene dibromide as a soil fumigant, a sensitive procedure was needed for determining concentrations lower than 0.2 mg. per cubic inch in soil. When the method of Brenner and Poland was used, addition of a small quantity of acetic acid considerably increased the percentage of ethylene dibromide recovered. 

Grain and foodstuffs are constantly attacked by weevils. Fumigation with carbon bisulfide, methyl bromide, and Chlorosol fumigant (a carbon tetrachloride-ethylene dibromide mixture) provides effective control where storage areas are built to handle these materials. Such storage equipment is limited, so there is need for an insecticide with low mammalian toxicity in order to achieve continuous protection by direct application. 

Alumot E, Chalutz E. 1972. Fumigation of citrus fruit with ethylene dibromide. Desorption of residues and ethylene evolution. Pestic Sci 3 539-544. 

Aman J, Farkas L, Ben-Shamai MH, et al. 1946. Experiments on the use of ethylene dibromide as a fumigant for grain and seed. Annals of Applied Biology 33 389-395. 

Amuh IKA. 1975. Persistence of ethylene dibromide residues in fumigated maize. Ghana J Sci 15 59-63. 

Basile M. 1981. [Bromine residues in strawberries produced on soil fumigated with ethylene dibromide (EDB)]. Inf Tore Fitopatol 29 11-14. (Italian)... 

Berck B. 1974. Fumigant residues of carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, and ethylene dibromide in wheat, flour, bran, middlings, and bread. J Agric Food Chem 22 977-984. 

Bielorai R, Alumot E. 1965. Determination of ethylene dibromide in fumigated feeds and foods by gas-liquid chromatography. J Sci Food Agric 16 594-596. 

Bridges RG. 1956. The fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. V. The nature and significance of ethylene dibromide residues in fumigated wheat. J Sci Food Agric 7 305-313. 

Girish GK, Kumar A. 1975. Studies on the residues in wheat and wheat products fumigated with ethylene dibromide. Bull Grain Technol 13 131-135. 

Singh G, Rippon LE, Gilbert WS, et al. 1976. Inorganic bromide residue in bananas, bell capsicums (sweet peppers), cherries and apples following fumigation with ethylene dibromide and methyl bromide. Aust J Exp Agric Anim Husb 16 780-784. 

It has already been pointed out that fumigant action requires favourable air/water partition and weak adsorption ethylene dibromide owes its success to these properties which... 

Lynn GE, Vorhes FA. 1957. Residues in foods and feeds resulting from fumigation of grains with the commoner liquid formulations of carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride and ethylene dibromide. J Assoc Off Agric Chem 40 163-165. 

Radiation treatment can significantly contribute to the variety of means for quarantine disinfestation in the international trade to prevent the importation of invasive nonnative insects with food and agricultural commodities that can harbor them. The use of irradiation disinfestation in quarantine treatment has great potential especially against fruit flies. A number of past quarantine treatments have been recently prohibited, e.g., fumigation with ethylene dibromide. 

Quarantine treatment doses of several pests (mainly fruit flies) supported by adequate research vary between 0.07 and 0.225 kGy [36]. Such low doses are tolerated by most fruits. However, because of the difficulties in evaluating efficacy by acute mortality and uncertainties of dose measurements, radiation quarantine treatment research shows some inconsistencies, and thus further work is required. Nevertheless, motivated by banning fumigation with ethylene dibromide (EDB), several semicommercial trial shipments of tropical fruits have been irradiated and marketed in the continental United States since 1986, and a commercial linear accelerator e-beam/converted x-ray facility was built in Hawaii to treat fruit and began operating in August 2000 [36]. 

---