Fuller’s earth catalysts

The fuller s-earth catalyst thus produces more branched-chain paraffins and does not saturate aromatics to the same extent as does WS2. It even permits splitting of part of the aromatics of the feed without saturation. Further development of catalysts which permit preservation of a higher percentage of the aromatics in the feed and production of more branched-chain paraffins appeared possible to obtain gasolines of still higher octane number. 

The great differences in the influence of aniline on the splitting activity of several catalysts are shown in Table XVI. The high sensitivity of the fuller s earth catalysts is evident. 

Fig. 20. Splitting rate with fuller s earth catalyst containing different amounts of molybdic acid. (Bituminous coal middle oil hydrogenated at 600 atm. pressure.)...

Fig. 21. Splitting hydrogenation with fuller s earth catalysts. Butane content in Ci-C, fraction and isobutane content of butane fraction.

Cationic polymerization of cyclosiloxanes is well known but used much less frequently than anionic reactions. The most widely used catalysts include sulfuric acid and its derivatives, alkyl and aryl sulfonic acids and trifluoroacetic acid1 2,1221. Due to their ease of removal, in industrial applications acid catalysts are generally employed on supports such as bentonite clay or Fuller s earth. 

Fuller s earth A hydrated silica-alumina compound, associated with ferric oxide. Used as a filter medium and as a catalyst and catalyst carrier and in cosmetics and insecticides. 

Cracking catalysts include synthetic and natural sihca-alumina, treated bentonite clay, fuller s earth, aluminum hydrosUicates, and bauxite. These catalysts are in the form of beads, pellets, and powder, and are used in a fixed, moving, or fluidized bed. The catalyst is usually heated and hfted into the reactor area by the incoming oil feed which, in mrn, is immediately vaporized upon contact. Vapors from the reactors pass upward through a cyclone separator which removes most of the entrained catalyst. The vapors then enter the fractionator, where the desired products are removed and heavier fractions are recycled to the reactor. 

Fig. 16. Influence of increasing amounts of nitrogen bases on the activity of the fuller s earth-WSs catalyst.

Fig. 17. Nitrogen bases and activity of fuller s earth-WS catalyst.

The properties of gasolines (40) from various liquid-phase-hydrogenation middle oils obtained by prehydrogenation and splitting hydrogenation with the fuller s earth-WS2 catalyst are shown in Table XVII for gasolines of about 190°C. end point and with 40% boiling up to 100°C. 

The properties of the HF-treated fuller s earth without activators will be discussed first. This material at 200 to 300 atm. pressure showed small splitting activity and high sensitivity to nitrogen bases. At 600 atm. pressure, considerably increased splitting activity was observed. It seems that the activation of the HF-treated fuller s earth obtained by the WS2, which converts it into a dual-function catalyst (41) of increased activity, can also be achieved—at least to some extent—by higher hydrogen pressure. The results obtained with the petroleum distillate used for the experiments in Table XV are shown in Table XIX. The splitting activity... 

Various compounds were found to increase the splitting activity of the fuller s earth. A catalyst of activity similar to that of the catalyst containing WS2 was Terrana containing 20% FeF3 (4%)- This catalyst gave the same conversion as the WS2-Terrana catalyst at a slightly lower... 

Indicated are points obtained in a 1000-atm. experiment with fuller s earth, without activator, as the catalyst, with decalin at 250 atm. one point was obtained with an active carbon-Cr-V catalyst. 

At 700 atm. pressure, a fuller s earth-supported catalyst developed by the Ruhrol GmbH was used. At the Welheim Plant middle oil obtained from liquid-phase hydrogenation of coke-oven tar pitch was converted into gasoline with an aromatics content of 45%. The catalyst contained, in addition to fuller s earth, hydrofluoric acid, Cr203, ZnO, sulfur and 0.5% molybdenum. 

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