Metal Fuels

Plans are to offer a commercial vehicle by 2004. A hydrogen-fueled (metal hydride for hydrogen storage), fuel cell attery hybrid passenger car was built by Toyota in 1996, followed in 1997 by a methanol-fueled car built on the same (RAV4) platform (28). 

Al and Mg particles are favored metals in the formulation of pyrolants because of their high potential for ignitability and combustion. However, the combustion products of Al and Mg particles tend to agglomerate to form relatively large metal oxide particles. Since the densities and heats of combustion of Ti and Zr are higher than those of Al and Mg, Ti and Zr are more favorable for use as fuel metals in ducted rockets. 

Cylinder and piston ring wear have been observed when using alcohol fuels. Metal loss could be due to wear caused by removal of the lubricating oil film by liquid alcohol during cold starting or by the corrosive action of formic acid or other acids formed during the combustion process. Use of more corrosion- and wear-resistant metal alloys in engine construction have helped resolve this problem. 

Hydrazine gel compns contg fuel metals (such as Al, Mg, Be, etc), microdimensional fibers (such as glass, asbestos, cellulose or synthetic) and thickeners, such as polyacrylamide, Na CM-cellulose, hydroxyethyl-cellulose, poly(vinyl)aIc, poly(Me methacrylate). Thus a soft gel was prepd. It contained hydrazine 65.20, polyacrylamide 0.67, microglass fibers 0.80 Al powder 33 33%... 

Trace elemental analysis can also be used to indicate the level of contamination of middle distillate fuels, e.g. turbine fuels. Metal contamination can cause corrosion and deposition on turbine components at elevated temperatures. Some diesel fuels have specification limits to guard against engine deposits, however they sometimes employ Mo or Ni as a catalyst for the refining process which eventually ends up in the finished products. There are several sources of multi-elemental contamination in naval distillate fuels. Sea water is pumped into the diesel tanks as ballast to immerse ships and submarines. Some oil transport ships have dirty tanks and contamination and corrosive products can also come from piping, linings and heat exchangers. 

Thermolysis is performed at a temperature lower than 500°C and in the absence of oxygen Compared to incineration, thermolysis is considered as a viable alternative to treat MSW, especially in regions with a low population density. At the end of thermolysis, the waste will have lost approximately 60 percent of its weight. As opposed to incineration, thermolysis does not produce slag. There remains only a mixture of carbonaceous solid fuel, metals, and minerals. The thermolysis process can be called thermolytic sorting, since it isolates the combustible organic compounds from the noncombustible ones (water, minerals, metals), and only the combustible ones are burned. ... 

The nature of the process by which residual fuel oil is produced virtually dictates that all the metals in the original crude oil can occur in the residuum (Speight, 2001) and, thus, in the residual fuel. Metallic constituents that may actually volatilize under the distillation conditions and appear in the higher-boiling distillates are the exceptions and can appear in distillate fuel oil. 

Hydrogen gas (H2) is a colorless, odorless, combustible gas. It has many industrial applications, mostly in the processing of fossil fuels, metal refining, and... 

Nonrenewable/abiotic resource depletion potential is calculated for fossil fuels, metals and minerals by dividing the quantity of resource used by the estimated total world reserves of that resource. 

Fuel systems for LMRs are well developed. Oxide, carbide, nitride or metal fuel have been demonstrated and provide many options for addressing the long life requirement for the fuel. Metal fuels, in particular, offer promise of improved safety characteristics. 

CHI3 ), or iodanil (CjOjI ) mixed with propellant material (Formula 143). In the project Storm Fury (NOTS), the iodates of silver or lead were used as oxidizers with gas-forming binder and heat-producing fuel metal (Formulas 144 and 145). 

A patent by Camp and MaclCenzie, remarkable for its claims of unusual combinations in unusual form, concerns fluid mixtures of metal alloys such as Li/Mg/Al with fluorocarbon oils, which, dropped on a hot surface, react with evolution of 1.2 to 2.3 kcal/g mixture without appreciable gaseous by-products. The reactions proceed with formation of the fluorides and chlorides of the fuel metals and of carbon. The reactivity of fluorinated organic compounds is something rather new in pyrochemistry and extends also to the explosives field, as evident from a patent by Gey and Van Dolah. ... 

At any stage of nuclear material management (closure of plutonium facilities, vitrification processes, fabrication of MOX fuel, metallic plutonium conversion into oxide, etc.), the long-lived radionuclides appearing in case of any deviation from the standard process can be reliably isolated from the environment only by their final disposal in geologic formations. 

Collected dust and lint— pelletize for fuel Metal or plastic straps Burlap or polypropylene bale wrap Fiber waste Nonf brous waste I- Foroign maltor (rocks) -Trash (sticks, seeds, leaves)... 

Jerry Gonsalves was one of thousands of front-line workers at NASA who had been involved in preparing a Titan rocket for launch. The day before the launch, a problem was diagnosed in the tank of liquid oxygen fuel. Metal baffles bolted onto the bottom of the tank were interfering with the way the tank was draining. To fix the problem, the NASA team came up with a solution that was effective but expensive the tank had to be completely drained so that a worker could enter it and reduce the size of the metal baffles bolted to the bottom of the tank. The task would involve removing pieces of metal and four of the bolts that secured the metal to the tank. 

Other metals such as beryllium, hafnium, niobium, vanadium, and zirconium are known to have nuclear and other properties which make them desirable materials of construction in various designs of nuclear reactor, but also they have, or may have in the future, important uses outside that field. All these metals except hafnium have been used or proposed for canning materials to clad and protect the nuclear fuel metals from corrosion by the reactor coolants or moderators, air, carbon dioxide, water, heavy water, graphite or molten sodium, etc. In some cases the specifications for neutron-absorbing impurities are of the same order as for the fuel metals uranium and thorium. Hafnium, however, with a high neutron-capture cross-section, is a useful material for reactor control rods and exhibits favourable metallurgical properties under irradiation. 

Licht S Advanced materials (2011) Efficient solar-driven synthesis, carbon capture, and desalinization, STEP solar thermal electrochemical production of fuels, metals. Bleach doi 10.1002/adma.201103198... 

---