Flavonoids fruits

The flavonoids are found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, spices, stems, flowers, as well as in tea and red wine. They are prominent components of citrus fruits. Flavonoids are effective in ... 

Spencer JPE. The impact of fruit flavonoids on memory and cogiution. Br J Nutr. 2010 104 S40-S47. 

Some investigators have employed the enhancement of vascular tone in vivo after treatment with these drugs to inhibit amine reuptake where the flavonoids act as antagonists of plasma membrane amine transporters [104]. The vasodilatory mechanism of flavonoids seems to be mediated by the inhibition of protein kinase C [105]. Oilier recent studies on the potential vasorelaxant, antioxidant, and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitory effects of the citrus-fruit flavonoids nar-ingenin and hesperetin in intact rat aortic rings have shown that their vasorelaxant effects were mediated by the inhibition of different PDE isoenz5Tnes [106,107]. 

Orallo, F., Camifla, M., Alvarez, E., Basaran, H., and Lugnier, C. 2005. Implication of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibition inthe vasorelaxant activity of the Citrus-fruits flavonoid (-)-naringenin ,7 la/ifaMe[Pg.479]

It is important to note that diet is a complex mixture that contain compounds with varying activity. Chemical stimulators of colon cancer growth include bile acids, 1,2-diglycerides and prostaglandins which stem from consumption of fat. In contrast, fruits and vegetables contain substances such as carotenoids, flavonoids and fibre, which may inhibit cancer cell growth, and the risk of colon cancer appears to be mirrored by the ratio of plant sterols to cholesterol in the... 

The antioxidant activities of carotenoids and other phytochemicals in the human body can be measured, or at least estimated, by a variety of techniques, in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo (Krinsky, 2001). Many studies describe the use of ex vivo methods to measure the oxidisability of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles after dietary intervention with carotene-rich foods. However, the difficulty with this approach is that complex plant foods usually also contain other carotenoids, ascorbate, flavonoids, and other compounds that have antioxidant activity, and it is difficult to attribute the results to any particular class of compounds. One study, in which subjects were given additional fruits and vegetables, demonstrated an increase in the resistance of LDL to oxidation (Hininger et al., 1997), but two other showed no effect (Chopra et al, 1996 van het Hof et al., 1999). These differing outcomes may have been due to systematic differences in the experimental protocols or in the populations studied (Krinsky, 2001), but the results do indicate the complexity of the problem, and the hazards of generalising too readily about the putative benefits of dietary antioxidants. 

HERTOG M G L, HOLLMAN p c H and VAN DE PUTTE B (1993h) Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of tea infusions, wines, and fruit juices , J Agric Food... 

Thousands of polyphenols from fruits (grapes, apples, etc.), vegetables (horse beans), and teas have been identified, many having good coloring properties, especially anthocyanins and some flavonoids. Well-documented reviews discuss the coloring capacities of some polyphenols including procyanidins. - Detailed presentations of anthocyanin and flavonoid properties and analysis are included in Sections 2.3, 4.3, and 6.3. The soluble proanthocyanidins of the colored horse bean Viciafaba L. seed coats were isolated and separated by solvent partition. 

Seabuckthom (Hippophae rhamnoides) fruits, very rich in phytochemicals and demonstrated to be excellent sources of natural food colorants (carotenoids and flavonoids) are increasingly used as food ingredients and nutraceuticals... 

The flavonoids universally occur in vascular plants, in which they are often responsible for the colors of flowers and fruits, although they are also present (often less apparently) in roots, stems, and leaves [10]. The number of possible sources from which these compoimds can be isolated is very large and much useful information on this can be obtained in reviews [10-12]. 

As with other flavonoid classes, the anthocyanins generally occur in higher plants [11,12]. Their presence is immediately apparent as a result of their color, and this is readily conhrmed by treating a small piece of tissue with acidic methanol, and thus many red fruits and some flowers of red-blue shades are suitable sources of anthocyanins. 

The classic seed burial studies of W. J. Beal and his successors have shown seeds of at least one weed species, Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria L.) can remain viable in soil for a peiod of 100 years, whereas three species continued to germinate after 80 years of burial (30). Weed seeds not only resist decay by soil microbes, but they vary in dormancy characteristics. There is considerable evidence that chemical inhibitors are responsible for both phenomena. Unsaturated lactones and phenolic compounds in particular, are potent antimicrobial compounds present in many seeds (4J. Fruits and seeds are also known to contain diverse germination inhibitors including phenolic compounds, flavonoids and/or their glycosides and tannins. Unique methods to destroy inhibitors could provide an excellent weed management strategy. 

Nielsen S E, Freese R, Kleemola P and Mutanen M (2002), Flavonoids in human urine as biomarkers for intake of fruits and vegetables , Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent, 11, 459 166. 

V. Carbone, P. Montoro, N. de Tommasi and C. Pizza, Analysis of flavonoids from Cyclanthera pedata fruits by liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry, J. Pharmaceut. Biomed., 34, 295 304 (2004). 

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