Anthocyanidins delphinidin

The scavenging ability toward O2 can also be measured by using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry. The 02 anion is trapped with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline TV-oxidc (DMPO), and the resultant DMPO-OH adduct is detected by ESR using manganese oxide as internal standard. Noda and others (1997) used this technique to evaluate antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit extract and its anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin). 

Noda Y, Kaneyuki T, Mori A and Packer L. 2002. Antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit extract and its anthocyanidins delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin. J Agric Food Chem 50(1) 166-171. 

Nasunin of an anthocyanidin delphinidin glycoside derivative in eggplant peels inhibited the lipid peroxidation of the brain homogenates, suggesting... 

For the six common anthocyanidins delphinidin, cyanidin, petuni-din, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin. 

The glycosides of the three non-methylated anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin) are the most abundant in nature, which represent 80% of leaf pigments, 69% in fruits, and 50% in flowers. The distribution of the six most common anthocyanidins in the edible parts of plants is cyanidin (50%), pelargcHiidin (12%), peonidin (12%), delphinidin (12%), petunidin (7%), and malvidin (7%). The most widespread anthocyanin in most fruit is cyanidin-3-glucoside [19]. However, malvidin glycosides are the most characteristic anthocyanins in red grape and derived products (wine, juice, etc.) [1]. 

Six anthocyanidins are commonly found in plants and plant-derived foods and beverages pelargonidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin, petunidin, and malvidin. Their structures differ in the number and position of hydroxyl and methoxyl groups on the flavan nucleus. The most commonly occurring anthocyanidin is cyanidin, and all these anthocyanidins are found in plants as glycosides with or without acylation, leading to around 400 different stractures. 

Berries, such as blueberries, bilberries, and black currants, are the main sources of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin. Malvidin is the characteristic anthocyanidin of red grape and red wine. Plums, cherries, and red cabbage are rich in... 

Parasitic plants often use chemicals released by their host plant to stimulate seed germination, to locate the host, or for haustorial development. Many different compounds are involved, including strigolactones, quinones, coumarins, flavonoids, and other phenolics. Flavonoids contribute to signaling in some species but not others. Haustorial development in Triphysaria versicolor can be induced in vitro by the anthocyanidins petunidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, as well as their glycosides obtained from the host plant.Anthocyanins are not usually found in root exudates, however, and thus the mechanism by which they affect natural signals for parasitic plants in the soil is not clear. 

In addition to the 18 anthocyanidins listed previously, Table 10.1 contains seven new desoxyanthocyanidins and a novel type of anthocyanidin called pyranoanthocyanidins. While 31 monomeric anthocyanidins have been properly identified, most of the anthocyanins are based on cyanidin (30%i), delphinidin (22%i), and pelargonidin (18%), respectively (Figure 10.2). Altogether 20%i of the anthocyanins are based on the three common anthocyanidins (peonidin, malvidin, and petunidin) that are methylated. Around 3, 3, and 2% of the anthocyanins or anthocyanidins are labeled as 3-desoxyanthocyanidins, rare methylated anthocyanidins, and 6-hydroxyanthocyanidins, respectively. 

FIGURE 10.2 The number of anthocyanins based on the various anthocyanidins. The upper dark part of each bar represents the anthocyanins reported later than 1992. Pg, pelargonidin Cy, cyanidin Pn, peonidin, Dp, delphinidin Pt, petunidin Mv, malvidin RMS, rare methylated structures 60H, 6-hydroxy- Des, desoxy- Pyr, pyrano- Sp, sphagnorubins. See Table 10.1 for structures. 

From species in Labiatae, the 3-[6-(p-coumaryl)glucoside]-5-[4,6-di-(malonyl)glucoside] of cyanidin, delphinidin, and pelargonidin, and the 3-[6-(caffeyl)glucoside]-5-[4,6-di-(malonyl)glucoside] of the two latter anthocyanidins have been reported.The location of malonyl to the glucose 4-position has also been reported for cyanidin 3-[4-(malonyl)-... 

The fundamental nucleus in anthocyanidins (aglycones) is flavylium chloride. Most of the anthocyanidins are derivatives of 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavylium chloride. Thus, the hydroxylation patterns in the natural anthocyanidins fall into the three basic groups of pelargonidin, cyanidin and delphinidin. Anthocyanidins are rarely found in fresh plant material because of their instability [19]. 

---