Fruit volatiles

Fruits have received extensive study one example is that of the passion fruit volatiles. Another fruit in which sulfur volatiles play an aroma role is musk-melon (Cucumis melo cv. Makdimon). A musky overtone is provided by 3-(methylthio)propanal ( stale ) and 5 -(methylthio)-butanoate ( pine, earthy )... 

The aroma of intact black currant fruit is mostly produced by anabolic pathways of the plant, and production of fruit volatiles occurs mainly during a short ripening period [112]. The aroma profile of black currant shares similarities with that of other berry fruits, although terpenes are more abundantly present in black currant [107]. Black currant is mainly used for the production of juice. Over 150 volatile compounds have been reported from either black currant berries and/or juice, of which the major groups are monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, esters and alcohols [107]. Processing of berries to juice has been shown to lead to major changes in the aroma composition [113-118]. 

Piper longum L. Bi Ba (Indian long pepper) (fruit) Volatile oil, piperine, Antipyretic, carminative, aromatic stomachic, analgesic in gastralgia, flatulence, headache. 

Upon employing the more rigorous simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) technique (100°C pH 3.7) to isolate the quince fruit volatiles, the resulting aroma composition distinctly differed from that obtained by HVD/SE. After SDE the hydrocarbon 5, the bicyclic alcohol 6 and 3,4-didehydro-(B-ionol (7) were identified as... 

Dienones 12A-12D were also detected as trace components in quince fruit volatiles after SDE sample preparation. However, as shown in Figure 3, except for the low amount of hydrocarbon 5, the distribution of thermal degradation products from 8 did not correspond to the composition of the major norisoprenoids 5-7 obtained after SDE of quince fruit juice. Consequently, diol 8 had to be excluded as their precursor. 

The GC-MS pattern of fruit volatile oil of star anise (7. vemm Hook) shows the presence of 25 components, which account for 99.9% of the total amount (Padmashree et al., 2007). The major components are trans-anethole (93.9%), estragole (1.05%) and limonene (1.05%) (Table 17.3). Fifteen components are identified from its acetone extract, accounting for 80.27% of the total amount. frans-Anethole (51.81%) is found as a major component, along with linoleic acid (11.6%), l-(4-methoxyphenyl)-prop-2-one (6.71%), foeniculin (5.29%) and palmitic acid (1.47%). 

Figure 3. Mass spectrum (70 eV) of unknown compound of cherimoya fruit volatiles (explanation cf. text).

Figure 4. Vapor phase FTIR spectrum of unknown compound from HRGC-FTIR analysis of cherimoya fruit volatiles. Same compound as in Figure 3 explanation cf. text.

Schreier, P. and Winterhalter, P., Precursors of papaya (Carica papaya, L.) fruit volatiles, in Biogeneration of Aromas, Parliment, T.H. and Croteau, R., Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1986, p. 85. 

Precursors of Papaya (Carica papaya, L.) Fruit Volatiles... 

In this paper, results of our study on papaya (Carica papaya, L.) fruit volatiles are presented, which extend our knowledge in this field. 

Figure 2. Standard sample preparation procedure for the study of papaya (C.papaya, L.) fruit volatiles (17).

SCHREIER AND WINTERHALTER Precursors of Papaya Fruit Volatiles 91... 

Figure 6. HRGC comparison of papaya (C.papaya, L.) fruit volatiles obtained after high-vacuum distillation/extraction (pH 5.6) (a) and direct extraction (pH 7.0) (b) (J W DB-Wax, 30 m x 0.32 mm id, df = 0.25 pm). Sta = external standard.

Glycosides. Finally, it should be mentioned that in our studies on papaya fruit volatiles and their precursors, glycosidic forms of several volatiles were detected. At this time, we have identified the B-D-glucosides of benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol. There are also indications for the occurrence of glycosidic forms of terpenoids, but from the data available exact structures of the sugar moieties cannot be elucidated as yet. 

Epoxy-linalool (31) has been proposed as the biogenetic precursor of the isomeric hydroxy ethers (21)-(24) as shown in Figure 7 (16). Recently, in our studies of the precursors of papaya fruit volatiles, compound (31) was detected as a natural constituent of this fruit (17). Due to the acidity of the medium (pH 3.5), in the present study, the detection of the labile epoxy derivative (31) was not expected. From the hydroxy ethers (23) and (24), the formation of acetates is easy to understand. 

Jambul, Jamboo Java plum jumbul. Bark, fruit and seeds of Syzygium Jambolanum (Lam.) DC. (Eugenia jambolana Lam.), Myrlaceae. Habit East Indies. Constit. Bark resin, tannin. Fruit volatile and fixed oils, resin, tannin. Seeds resin, fat, gallic acid, albumin. 

El Ghorab, A.H., Fadel, H.M., and El Massry, K.F., The Egyptian Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. brevi-rostris Chemical compositions of the fruit volatile oil and antioxidant activity. Flavor Fragr. J., 17, 306, 2002. 

Tsiri, D., 0. Kretsi, I.B. Chinou, and C.G. Spyropoulos, 2003. Composition of fruit volatiles and annual changes in the volatiles of leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. growing in Greece,... 

Induction of AA and ethanol has been found in I0W-O2 storage of apples, in which the levels of the anaerobic metabolites produced at 0% O2 were the highest, with the level of ethanol being 100 times higher than that of AA (Patterson and Nichols 1988). Mattheis et al. (1991) showed that Delicious apples stored in 0.05% 02/0.2% CO2 for 30 days developed large concentrations of AA and ethanol, which led to synthesis of more fruit volatiles, mainly ethyl acetate among other ethyl esters. They showed a decrease in butyl and hexyl esters emanating from fruit previously stored under anaerobic conditions, probably because of competitive acyl esterification reactions which use the same carboxylic acids (Mattheis et al. 1991). 

Mattheis JP, Roberts RG (1993) Fumigation of sweet cherry (Prunus avium Bing) fruit with low molecular weight aldehydes for postharvest decay control. Plant Dis 77 810-814 Mattheis JP, Buchanan DA, Fellman JK (1991) Change in apple fruit volatiles after storage in atmospheres inducing anaerobic metabolism. J Agric Food Chem 39 1602-1605... 

Tikunov, Y, Lommen, A., de Vos, C.H. et al. (2005). A novel approach for nontargeted data analysis for metabolomics. Large-scale profiling of tomato fruit volatiles. Plant Physiology, 139, 1125-1137. 

FIGURE 8.4. GC-MS total ion chromatogram ofdnnamon fruits volatile oil. The numbers in this chromatogram as identified compounds in our publication [54]. 

---