Fruit fumigation

Uses In organic synthesis as an ethylating agent refrigerant solvent grain and fruit fumigant in medicine as an anesthetic. 

Uses Lead scavenger was used in anti knock (leaded) gasoline grain and fruit fumigant waterproofing preparations insecticide medicines general solvent organic synthesis. 

Ethyl bromide is used as a refrigerant, an ethylating agent in organic synthesis, a solvent in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, a grain and fruit fumigant, and in ethylation of gasoline. It was earlier used as an anesthetic, both topically and by inhalation. 

Use Organic synthesis, medicine (anesthetic), refrigerant, solvent, grain and fruit fumigant. 

HCOOCHjCHj. Colourless liquid with the odour of peach-kernels b.p. 54 C, Prepared by boiling ethanol and methanoic acid in the presence of a little sulphuric acid the product is diluted with water and the insoluble ester separated and distilled. Used as a fumigant and larvicide for dried fruits, tobacco and foodstuffs. It is also used in the synthesis of aldehydes. 

It is used to make sulfite paper and other papers, to fumigate fumigant, and to bleach dried fruits. The element is a good insulator. 

Certain fruits, notably grapes and dates, may have some surface contamination or infestation when first picked, and they are fumigated with sulphur dioxide or some other gas. They must, of course, then be thoroughly ventilated before going into storage. 

Used industrially as an intermediate in drug synthesis, in the manufacture of safety glasses, as a flavor for lemonade and for essences, in the manufacture of artificial rum and arrack, and in agriculture as a fumigant for dried fruits. 

Alumot E, Chalutz E. 1972. Fumigation of citrus fruit with ethylene dibromide. Desorption of residues and ethylene evolution. Pestic Sci 3 539-544. 

Uses A contact insecticide and fumigant used against Diptera and Culicidae in homes and against Coleoptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera in fruit, cotton, and ornamentals. 

Uses Fumigant and larvacide for tobacco, cereals, dried fruits cellulose acetate solvent military poison gases intermediate in manufacture of pharmaceuticals, hydrocyanic acid, N,N-dimethylformamide organic synthesis. 

Calkins (1) reported a conservative estimate of 59 million dollars for chemical controls, 38 million dollars for quarantine and fumigation, and 260 million dollars in crop losses. However these figures are small conq>ared to the estimated 15 billion dollars of fruits and vegetables grown per year in California alone. Now that the importance of controlling these fruit flies has been shown, some control methods and efforts to keep these flies from spreading are presented. Some attractants, such as hydrocarbons from kerosene and essential oils, are discussed. 

Radiation treatment can significantly contribute to the variety of means for quarantine disinfestation in the international trade to prevent the importation of invasive nonnative insects with food and agricultural commodities that can harbor them. The use of irradiation disinfestation in quarantine treatment has great potential especially against fruit flies. A number of past quarantine treatments have been recently prohibited, e.g., fumigation with ethylene dibromide. 

Quarantine treatment doses of several pests (mainly fruit flies) supported by adequate research vary between 0.07 and 0.225 kGy [36]. Such low doses are tolerated by most fruits. However, because of the difficulties in evaluating efficacy by acute mortality and uncertainties of dose measurements, radiation quarantine treatment research shows some inconsistencies, and thus further work is required. Nevertheless, motivated by banning fumigation with ethylene dibromide (EDB), several semicommercial trial shipments of tropical fruits have been irradiated and marketed in the continental United States since 1986, and a commercial linear accelerator e-beam/converted x-ray facility was built in Hawaii to treat fruit and began operating in August 2000 [36]. 

Methyl bromide is used as a fumigant for soils (the agricultural use shown in Table 12.7) and shipments of fruits and vegetables as well as for buildings for termite control (shown as structural purposes in Table 12.7). Large amounts are released during biomass burning (e.g., see Mano and Andreae, 1994 Cicerone, 1994)... 

According to the 1981-83 National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES, 1997), approximately 5000 workers in the United States were potentially exposed to methyl bromide (see General Remarks). Occupational exposures may occur in its production, in pest control for vegetables and fruits and in fumigation of soil. 

Nicotine is used as a contact insecticide for aphids attacking fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals, and as a fumigant for greenhouse plants and poultry mites. Nicotine sulfate is safer and more convenient to handle and the free alkaloid is rapidly liberated by the addition of soap, hydrated lime, or ammonium hydroxide to the spray solution. Nicotine sprays commonly contain 0.05—0.06% nicotine, and nicotine dusts, 1—2% nicotine. 

Producers attempt to eliminate perennial weeds in small fruits with soil fumigation and plastic mulches. In caneberry, low rates of simazine can be used in heavier soils. Caneberry has good crop tolerance to other preemergence herbicides such as oryzalin, napropamide, and pendimethalin, though their weed spectrum may be reduced compared to simazine. 

Successor to DBCP was the equally suspect ethylene dibromide (EDB), (ref. 26) widely used as a fumigant on fruits and vegetables. Based on the National Cancer Institute s finding of carcinogenicity of EDB the Environmental Defense Fund petitioned for cancellation of EDB registration. The EPA responded with an RPAR notice in December 1977. Three years later (Dec. 1980) the agency announced its preliminary decision to cancel EDB registration for use on stored... 

In the interim (1981) the compound was used to fumigate citrus in California to control the Mediterranean fruit fly infestation. At stake was the citrus export to Japan, valued at about 100 million (ref. 27). 

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