From inorganic halides acids

Hydrochloric acid is of great importance and is widely used in industrial processes. The largest use is in the metallurgical industry for the pickling of metals to remove oxide scales. Other uses include the production of inorganic halides from metals, oxides or carbonates, extraction of metals from ores in metallurgical processes, and various organic reactions. 

The sorption capacities range from 3.0 for amines, such as triethylamine, to 7.1 and 8.1 for inorganic acids and inorganic halides, such as nitric acid and phosphorus trichloride, respectively. Therefore, the sorption capacity of expanded minerals is far superior to that of clay and diatomite. However, this material is more expensive than clay but cheaper than diatomite. Micafil/perlite can be purchased for approximately 0.12/lb to 0.31/lb and vermiculite for approximately 0.14/lb, depending upon supplier and quantity ordered. 

With species (e.g., soft or class B bases) such as halide ions, which exhibit low basicity toward protons, but high basicity toward certain metal ions. Promotion by metal ions of halide ion displacement from both organic and inorganic halides (a class of reactions not generally susceptible to protonic acid catalysis) serves to illustrate this effect, e.g., where R = CH3, (NH3)jCo , etc. ... 

The esters of a number of inorganic acids are known. Those derived from the strong acids may be prepared directly from the acid and alcohol. In the case of the weak acids the esters can be prepared as the result of the interaction of the silver salt of the acid with an alkyl halide for example, ethyl sulphite may be made by the reaction expressed by the equation,... 

The manner in which aluminium chloride effects the condensation of a halide and a hydrocarbon has been carefully studied. It has been found that in certain cases the aluminium chloride forms an addition-product with the hydrocarbon, which enters into reaction with the alkyl or other halide. In other cases, the inorganic halide forms a compound with the organic halide, which, in turn, reacts with the hydrocarbon. Intermediate products have been isolated in a number of cases. The one formed from aluminium chloride and the chloride of benzoic acid, CeHjCOOH, can be obtained in well-formed crystals it has the compostion CeHsCOCl.AlCls. When this... 

This glycol diether is a colorless liquid. It is completely miscible with acetone, ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl ether, heptane, ethylene dichloride and castor oil. Because of its being a good solvent for metallic reagents, it is particularly suitable for the Grignard type of reaction. It is also a solvent for inorganic halides and chlorosilanes, and is therefore used in silicone rubber formulations ond in the extraction of aliphatic acids from dilute aqueous solutions. 

Strictly speaking the alkyl halides are esters of the halogen acids, but since they enter into many reactions (t.g., formation of Grignard reagents, reaction with potassium cyanide to yield nitriles, etc.) which cannot be brought about by the other eaters, the alkyl halides are usually distinguished from the esters of the other inorganic acids. The preparation of a number of these is described below. 

Inorganic Chlorides/Halides — These metallic salts are formed from the reaction of a weak base with the strong acid HCl. Salts such as these dissolve in water to produce a markedly acidic solution. This is exemplified by aluminum chloride, which is corrosive due to the acidity resulting from the hydrolysis that produces aluminum and chlorine ions. Anhydrous AICI3 hydrolyzes violently when contacted by water. 

These reactions are most important for the preparation of acyl fluorides. " Acyl chlorides and anhydrides can be converted to acyl fluorides by treatment with polyhydrogen fluoride-pyridine solution" or with liquid HF at — 10°C. Formyl fluoride, which is a stable compound, was prepared by the latter procedure from the mixed anhydride of formic and acetic acids. Acyl fluorides can also be obtained by reaction of acyl chlorides with KF in acetic acid or with DAST. Carboxylic esters and anhydrides can be converted to acyl halides other than fluorides by the inorganic acid halides mentioned in 10-77, as well as with PhsPXa (X = Cl or but this is seldom done. Halide exchange can be carried out in a... 

The ion-exchange process is applicable for removing a broad range of ionic species from water containing all metallic elements, inorganic anion such as halides, sulfates, nitrates, cyanides, organic acids such as carboxylics, sulfonics, some phenols at sufficiently alkaline pH conditions, and organic amines at sufficiently acidic conditions. 

Alkyl halides are often used as substrates instead of alcohols. In such cases the salt of the inorganic acid is usually used and the mechanism is nucleophilic substitution at the carbon atom. An important example is the treatment of alkyl halides with silver nitrate to form alkyl nitrates. This is used as a test for alkyl halides. In some cases there is competition from the central atom. Thus nitrite ion is an ambident nucleophile that can give nitrites or nitro compounds (see 0-60).731 Dialkyl or aryl alkyl ethers can be cleaved with anhydrous sulfonic acids.732... 

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