Fraud detection

Pinkus KV. Einancial auditing and fraud detection Implications for scientific data audit. Acct Res 1 53-70. 1989. 

From the consumer s point of view as well, controls on food products are needed, from a food safety and traceability perspective. The problem of adulteration and falsification of food has ancient roots which date back to the Roman Age and continue, through the Middle and Modem Ages, till nowadays the deployment of new analytical tools for fraud detection has caused a parallel progress in the adulteration procedures, which has gradually evolved from coarse and rudimentary systems to highly sophisticated and scarcely detectable strategies. 

Other important research activities aim at carrying out the setting up of analytical methods specifically committed to fraud detection (Chen et ah, 2008 Dias et ah, 2009 Legin et ah, 2005 Parra et ah, 2006b). 

In this chapter, NMR and chemometrics were reviewed as applied to food quality and geographical origin determination. Different food types were deeply characterized. Alternative methods for fraud detection were also... 

Technology is one of many trends constantly affecting computer validation. One area requiring special attention is the introduction of expert systems into the FDA-regulated environment. The simplest form of artificial intelligence generally used in applications (such as mortgages, credit card authorization, fraud detection, e-commerce, personalization) is the rule-based system, also known as the expert system (ES). 

As we might expect, the major application area of Data Mining, so far, has been Business, particularly the areas of Marketing, Risk Assessment, and Fraud Detection. 

Wheeler, R., Aitken, S. (2000). Multiple algorithms for fraud detection. Knowledge-Based Systems, 73(2-3), 93-99. 

The list of service types is not exhaustive and other types of services can be used such as fraud detection and shipment insurance. Figure 12.3 shows the physical e-retailing supply chain process along with the necessary electronic services. The expansion of the Buy product task is given in Fig. 12.4. The message flow for this... 

The type of alarm system used is dependent on the expected type of security breach and the method employed in responding to one. In unguarded premises, requiring only a low level of security, an alarm that operates immediately a device detects a security breach may be sufficient to ward off vandals, burglars and crimes of opportunity. On the other hand, where breaches of security may involve more determined criminals, such as fraud or industrial espionage, delayed alarms on the premises may give time for security personnel and/or police to apprehend the criminal in the process of committing the crime. 

Another problem in detecting and reporting ADRs has been the discovery of instances of proven inveshgafor fraud, which can vary from bewildered igi deliberafe dishonesty ... 

Fraud is not limited to the investigator and his or her staff. Staff of pharmaceutical companies and institutions may alter CRTs, modify data sets, alter tables, suppress reported side effects or bias written reports. The detection of such activities, inside or outside an institution, by investigators or company staff relies on others in the same team recognising that something is suspicious. Double checking of data by colleagues and authentication of those data is the best deterrent to misconduct. 

Buyse M, George SL, Evans S,etal. The role of biostatistics in the prevention, detection and treatment of fraud in clinical trials. StatMed 1999 18 3435-51. 

Mackintosh DR, Zepp VJ. Detection of negligence, fraud and other bad faith efforts during field auditing of chnical trial sites. Drug Inf ] 1996 30 645-53. 

HPLC analysis of food proteins and peptides can be performed for different purposes to characterize food, to detect frauds, to assess the severity of thermal treatments, etc. To detect and/or quantify protein and peptide components in foods, a number of different analytical techniques (chromatography, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, immunology) have been used, either alone or in combination. The main advantages of HPLC analysis lie in its high resolution power and versatility. In a single chromatographic run, it is possible to obtain both the composition and the amount of the protein fraction and analysis can be automated. 

Concerning food peptides, most of the HPLC applications deal with food characterization (based on peptide profile), peptide separation, and identification [172,173] and detection of frauds in milk-based products, meat, and protein hydrolysates [115],... 

A misapprehension seems to have been entertained, that, taking advantage of the resemblance, the exotie would be adulterated with the artificial product Fortunately this is impracticable, as the smell and tasto of potato oil, which always accompany artificial gum, are sufficient to betray its presence aiid thus, if the purchaser suspects fraud, the most ready means for its detection are in his possession, and may be at once applied. 

Cinnamon.—The bark of the lawns cinnamomum, and that from Ceylon is the best. It is very thin, brownish-red, and has an agreeable aromatic flavor.. The oassia, winch it resembles closely, is thicker, rougher on the surface, and comes in larger rolls or quills. The first is often sophisticated with the latter, and sometimes even a part of its volatile oil is abstracted by infusion in alcohol. This latter fraud is detected by the feeble smell and teste of the cinnamon. The finely-groimd hark is used for pastilles, sachets, an tooth-powders. Its aroma may also be extracted in the form of tincture, by alcohol. By distillation, it yields an essentia] oil of powerful odor, which is largely used in combination with oil of cloves and other strong essences. (... 

Tlio purity of essential oils is all-important, as they are used solely for their perfume. Those found in commerce do not always have that quality, but are frequently debased with alcohol, spirit of turpentine, resin, balsam copniva, or Borne oil of inferior price. The detection of the latter fraud is very difficult—in most cases the specific gravity being the only test. The presence of resin or balsam is elicited when a drop of the suspocted oil, heated upon a piece of paper, leaves a greasy spot. 

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