Franz studies

Another important piece of the puzzle came from the work of Carl Martius and Franz Knoop, who showed that citric acid could be converted to isocitrate and then to a-ketoglutarate. This finding was significant because it was already known that a-ketoglutarate could be enzymatically oxidized to succinate. At this juncture, the pathway from citrate to oxaloacetate seemed to be as shown in Figure 20.3. Whereas the pathway made sense, the catalytic effect of succinate and the other dicarboxylic acids from Szent-Gyorgyi s studies remained a puzzle. 

Hartmann, Franz. Jacob Boehme, a Rosicrucian of the sixteenth century a study of his views and some extracts from his writings. Occult Rev 14, no. 1 (Jul 1911) 9-20. 

A number of basic studies in the area of donor solvent liquefaction have been reported (2 -9). Franz (10J reported on the interaction of a subbituminous coal with deuterium-labelled tetra-lin, Cronauer, et al. (11) examined the interaction of deuterium-labelled Tetralin with coal model compounds and Benjamin, et al. (12) examined the pyrolysis of Tetralin-l-13C and the formation of tetralin from naphthalene with and without vitrinite and hydrogen. Other related studies have been conducted on the thermal stability of Tetralin, 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, cis-oecalin and 2-methylin-dene (13,14). 

Franz, M., Melles, J. and Buttner, D.W. (1984) Electron microscope study of the body wall and the gut of adult Loa loa. Zeitschrift fiir Parasitenkunde 70, 525-536. 

And so this history of whiteness and its fluidity is very much a history of power and its disposition. But there is a second dimension race is not just a conception it is also a perception. The problem is not merely how races are comprehended, but how they are seen. In her 1943 obituary of Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict recounted how Boas the physicist, having gone to the Arctic to study the properties of water, became Boas the anthropologist upon discovering that his observations did not at all match those of the Eskimos he encountered. Remarked Benedict, He returned with... 

Franz TJ (1978) The finite dose technique as a valid in vitro model for the study of percutaneous absorption in man. Curr Probl Dermatol 7 58-68. 

For in vitro testing the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) approved in 2004 test guideline 428 [37], which currently advocates the use of human, rat, and pig skin to measure cutaneous absorption by a vertical diffusion system (Franz cell). Dmg concentrations are followed in an acceptor fluid separated by the skin from the donor vehicle, which is applied to the external surface of the skin. Instead of human or animal skin, human skin models could be used as soon as the equivalence of their results are proven. Comparative studies indicate a correlation of penetration data in vitro and in humans [38]. 

To Franz alchemy was a meditative practice. Fie would sit for hours in his study reading his books, and sometimes he would just sit and contemplate one of the illustrations. On several occasions it was an illustration that seemed to open an inner door in his mind and allowed him to travel to a spiritual dimension. Once there, he was able to hold conversations with ancient alchemists and philosophers and sometimes even with angels. 

This view, however, was opposed by a distinguished contemporary. Baron Franz Joseph Muller von Reichenstein was bom at Sibiu, (Nagy-szeben or Hermannstadt) in the Transylvanian Alps on July 1, 1740. After receiving his elementary education in his native city, he went to Vienna to study philosophy and law. Later he became so deeply interested in mining, metallurgy, and chemistry that in 1763 he entered the famous School of Mines of Selmeczbanya, or Schemnitz (which is now known as Stiavnica Banska, Czechoslovakia). Here he studied under the capable leadership of N. J. Jacquin (1). 

The in vitro diffusion studies for each sample were carried out by using the Franz diffusion cells with a diffusional area of about 1.76cm2. The acceptor compartment of the apparatus was filled with the buffer solution pH 6, USP [21], and maintained at 37 0.5°C via a circulating water system. The diffusion membrane (the cellulose membrane with a molecular weight cut-off point of 1000 or the hairless mouse skin) previously prepared was placed between die donor and the acceptor compartments of the assembly. An accurately weighed 4g of sample was then placed in the donor cell and the diffusion process was started. The solution in the acceptor compartment was continuously stirred with a small magnetic stirrer to maintain the sink conditions. Aliquots from the receptor cells were removed at 0.5,2,4, 8 and 24 h time intervals and replaced with equal... 

Franz diffusion cells (FDC) remain the workhorse of all permeation experiments in transdermal studies. FDCs use the permeation of a solute, assessed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or radiation, to evaluate the effect of penetration... 

Franz and Black539 have studied the thermolysis and photolysis of l,3,4-oxathiazol-2-one (l).530 This compound is thermally labile and yields benzonitrile and sulfur instead of the expected phenyl isocyanate and carbonyl sulfide. It is probable that benzonitrile sulfide (3) is an intermediate and this appears to be confirmed by formation of the adduct 4 in 90% yield when 1 is heated with 2 moles of DMAD at 130° in chlorobenzene. Heating a mixture of benzonitrile and sulfur with DMAD gave tetramethyl thiophenetetracarboxylate (6), also obtained without the nitrile. The formation of the isomeric isothiazoles 7 and 8 from 1 and EP531 is similar to the production of the corresponding... 

In the mid 1980s, J. Fraser Stoddart and Franz Kohnke, then from the University of Sheffield, UK, developed another rather less studied curved building block 6.5, which is derived from the reaction of 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene with furan (Scheme 6.4). Kohnkene (6.39), which was named after its creator, is a very rigid structure, and possesses a small elliptical cavity that is unsuitable for inclusion of molecular guest species. However, the molecule may be deoxygenated to give dideoxykohnkene... 

J. M. Franz, I. P. Vondescher, and R. Voges. Quantitative mechanistic studies in simultaneous fluid flow and intestinal absorption using steroids as model solutes. 

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