Franklin theory

The early pioneers also include Benjamin Franklin and Charles de Coulomb. Franklin studied the effect of point electrodes in drawing electric currents. Coulomb discovered that a charged object gradually loses its charge i.e., he actually discovered the electrical conductivity of air. Coulomb s importance for the development of electrostatic air-cleaning methods is great, mainly because the present theories about electric charges and electric fields are based on his work. 

This theory is associated in its early protonic form with Franklin (1905, 1924). Later it was extended by Germaim (1925a,b) and then by Cady Elsey (1922,1928) to a more general form to include aprotic solvents. Cady Elsey describe an acid as a solute that, either by direct dissociation or by reaction with an ionizing solvent, increases the concentration of the solvent cation. In a similar fashion, a base increases the concentration of the solvent anion. Cady Elsey, in order to emphasize the importance of the solvent, modified the above defining equation to ... 

Franklin, Edward C. (1862-1937). An Amer chemist noted for his theory of the ammonia system compounds (Ref, p 355-R)... 

DNA (first proposed by Crick, Franklin and Watson in the 195O s [Ju, Part I]) suggested, and continues to suggest, experimental predictions in molecular biology. We hope, in the course of the book, to convince the reader that the mathematics we discuss (e.g., analysis, representation theory) is of scientific importance beyond its importance within mathematics proper. In order to succeed, we must use mathematics to pull testable experimental predictions from the physically-inspired assumptions of this section. 

W.M. Franklin. Classical and quantum theory of diffusion in solids. In A.S. Nowick and J.J. Burton, editors, Diffusion in Solids, Recent Developments, pages 1-72. Academic Press, New York, 1975. 

Ionization of liquid ammonia and water solutions.—Solutions of certain salts in liquid ammonia are good conductors of electricity so that liquid ammonia approaches water in its ionizing power. The effect, however, is largely due to the high speed at which the ions are supposed to travel in the solvent. For example, E. C. Franklin and H. P. Cady1 find that univalent ions travel, at —33°, nearly three lames as fast as in aq. soln. at 18°. Just as the solvent water, in the ionization theory of hydrolysis, is supposed to be ionized H20=0H -f-H, so in ammonolysis, the solvent ammonia is supposed to be ionized NH3==NH2-j-H . Sodamide, NaNH, furnishes sodium ions Na and amide ions NH 2 when dissolved in liquid ammonia, and it is to be considered as a base. It reddens phenolphthalein. The neutralization of this solution results in the union of H ions with NH2 ions to form ammonia molecules, just as the neutralization of bases is regarded as an effect of the union of H and OH ions. Acetamide, CH3.CO.NH2, ionizes in liquid ammonia in an analogous manner CH3.CO.NH2 CH3.CO.NH -f-H, and it thus behaves as an acid. 

Werner, H. (1978a). The syncretic character of primitive organization. In S. S. Barten and M. B. Franklin (eds.), Developmental processes Heinz Werner s selected writings, vol. 1 General theory and perceptual experience (pp. 41-64). New York International Universities Press. 

So Watt s engine work and De Luc s meteorology certainly had plenty of opportunity to intersect. In fact, substantially similar chemical ideas were deployed in each domain.14 This intersection is apparent retrospectively in De Luc s Idees sur la Meteorologie. A centrepiece of the Idees was De Luc s critique of the solution theory of evaporation as put forward by Senebier, Franklin, Hutton and others. According to that theory, water vapour was produced - that is, evaporation occurred - by the dissolution of water in air in a way precisely analogous to the dissolution of salt in water. This theory faced the difficulty that evaporation occurred in vacuo. De Luc s alternative theory was that water vapour was in fact a chemical product of water and heat. In recounting how he became confident of that alternative theory De Luc gave a prominent place to Watt s steam experiments. 

Benjamin Franklin and Mme. Marie Curie were experimental physicists. Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein were theoretical physicists, perhaps the greatest. In the earlier days, the tools, both experimental and mathematical, were so simple that a single man or woman could become skilled in the use of both kinds. Isaac Newton not only made the thrilling experiment of breaking sunlight into colors with a prism, but actually invented for his own use one of the most useful forms of mathematics, the calculus. Franklin contributed to electrical theory. Nowadays some of the tools are so complex that few physicists are versatile enough to become masters of them all. 

At a lecture delivered in Philadelphia s Franklin Institute on March 17, 1949, Pauling reported some of the results from Dickey s experiments [23]. Silica gels had been prepared by procedures analogous to the formation of antibodies , i.e. in accordance with the selective theory, and the study was published later the same year [24]. The method described involved polymerisation of sodium silicate in the presence of a dye. Four different dyes were used, namely methyl, ethyl, /i-propyl and -butyl orange (Fig. 1.3). As much as possible of the dye was subsequently removed, and in rebinding experiments it was found that silica prepared in the presence of any of these pattern moleeules would bind the pattern molecule in preference to the other three dyes. Table 1.2 shows the selective increase in pattern dye sorption capacities of the gels as related to a control gel, prepared in the absence of dye. 

Before examining Civil War pharmacy directly, it is essential to understand the therapeutic contexts in which that care was provided. This can be done by carefully reviewing the standard texts of the period. There are several authoritative guides The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America, Fourth Decennial Edition (Philadelphia J. B. Lippincott, 1863) George B. Wood and Franklin Bache, The Dispensatory of the United States of America, Eleventh Edition (Philadelphia J. B. Lippincott, 1858) George B. Wood, A Treatise on the Practice of Medicine, 2 volumes. Fifth Edition (Philadelphia J. B. Lippincott, 1858) William Headland, The Action of Medicines in the System, Third Edition (Philadelphia Lindsay and Blakis-ton, 1859) and Alfred Stille, Therapeutics and Materia Medica, 2 volumes. Second Edition (Philadelphia Blanchard and Lea, 1864). Once the theory and practice of medicine during the war are understood, pharmacy begins to take on some familiar forms as the material expression of nineteenth-century medical rationalism. 

This result, like that found for sulfur dioxide, is somewhat ironic, as phosgene played an important rdle in the development of Franklin s theory of the acid-base behaviour of non-aqueous solvents [736,738a,850d,1285a], There has been a very recent suggestion, however, that [COCl]" is stabilized by a zeolite framework [641], and exhibits r(CO) at 1790 and 1710 cm [641], This claim requires substantiation, however. 

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