Fourier transform reflection spectroscopy, organic

Gordon, R. J., N. J. Trivedi, B. P. Singh, and E. C. Ellis, Characterization of Aerosol Organics by Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 22, 672-677 (1988). 

The starch content in paper is determined by a TAPPI test method.301 Special methods are needed to assay starch in the presence of other adhesives.302 Starch on the paper surface is determined by ATR (attenuated total reflection) Fourier transform IR spectroscopy.303 New methods are being developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).304... 

In this section we discuss a method of controlled material degradation for individual organic semiconductors and also for the blends used in bulk heterojunction solar cells [37]. The degradation is studied using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and by determining current/voltage characteristics (I/V measurements) of the devices. 

Surface analytical techniques. A variety of spectroscopic methods have been used to characterize the nature of adsorbed species at the solid-water interface in natural and experimental systems (Brown et al, 1999). Surface spectroscopy techniques such as extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) have been used to characterize complexes of fission products, thorium, uranium, plutonium, and uranium sorbed onto silicates, goethite, clays, and microbes (Chisholm-Brause et al, 1992, 1994 Dent et al, 1992 Combes et al, 1992 Bargar et al, 2000 Brown and Sturchio, 2002). A recent overview of the theory and applications of synchrotron radiation to the analysis of the surfaces of soils, amorphous materials, rocks, and organic matter in low-temperature geochemistry and environmental science can be found in Fenter et al (2002). 

Conversion of the as-deposited film into the crystalline state has been carried out by a variety of methods. The most typical approach is a two-step heat treatment process involving separate low-temperature pyrolysis ( 300 to 350°C) and high-temperature ( 550 to 750°C) crystallization anneals. The times and temperatures utilized depend upon precursor chemistry, film composition, and layer thickness. At the laboratory scale, the pyrolysis step is most often carried out by simply placing the film on a hot plate that has been preset to the desired temperature. Nearly always, pyrolysis conditions are chosen based on the thermal decomposition behavior of powders derived from the same solution chemistry. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is normally employed for these studies, and while this approach seems less than ideal, it has proved reasonably effective. A few investigators have studied organic pyrolysis in thin films by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using reflectance techniques. - This approach allows for an in situ determination of film pyrolysis behavior. 

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is useful for identifying organic and inorganic compounds by comparison with library references. Perkin Elmer System 2000 offers near IR, mid IR, far IR 15,000-15,030 cm, transmittance (T), specular reflectance (SR Ref. 6) and diffuse reflectance (DR), horizontal and vertical attenuated total reflectance (ATR) microscope (>10-gm spot, 10,000-10,580 cmy ... 

Activated Carbon Atomic Force Microscopy Aquanc Organic Matter Agricultural Research Management Council of Australia and New Zealand Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon Cellulose Acetate... 

Critical Coagulation Concentration Chromatographable Organic Carbon Chloral Hydrate Forming Potential Disinfection By-Product Diethylaminoethyl Diffusion Limited Aggregation Dissolved O anic Carbon Dissolved Organic Matter Direct Observation through the Membrane Technique Diffusive Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Electronic Conductive Carbon Black Electron Dispersive Spectra Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid Fulvic Acid... 

A SIA system with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) detection has been studied for sugar and organic acid analysis of Belgian tomato samples (Vermeir et al., 2009). Prediction models for D-glucose, D-fructose, citric acid, and L-glutamic acid concentrations in tomato samples were successful. 

Different experimental approaches were applied in the past [6, 45] and in recent years [23, 46] to study the nature of the organic residue. But the results or their interpretation have been contradictory. Even at present, the application of modem analytical techniques and optimized electrochemical instruments have led to different results and all three particles given above, namely HCO, COH and CO, have been recently discussed as possible methanol intermediates [14,15,23,46,47]. We shall present here the results of recent investigations on the electrochemical oxidation of methanol by application of electrochemical thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (ECTDMS) on-line mass spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform IR-reflection-absorption spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS). 

With recent developments in analytical instrumentation these criteria are being increasingly fulfilled by physicochemical spectroscopic approaches, often referred to as whole-organism fingerprinting methods.910 Such methods involve the concurrent measurement of large numbers of spectral characters that together reflect the overall cell composition. Examples of the most popular methods used in the 20th century include pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS),11,12 Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), and UV resonance Raman spectroscopy.16,17 The PyMS technique... 

Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FT-IFRAS) is applied to the study of corrosion protection of copper by an organic coating. Poly-N-vinyliroidazole (PVI(D) and poly-4(5)-vinylimidazole (PVI(4)) are demonstrated to be effective new polymeric anti-corrosion agents for copper at elevated temperatures. Oxidation of copper is suppressed even at 400° C. PVI(1) and PVI(4) are more effective anti-oxidants than the most commonly used corrosion inhibitors, benzotriazole and undecyllmldazole, at elevated temperatures. These new polymeric agents are water soluble and easy to treat the metal surface. 

Organic Monolayer Studies Using Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy... 

Metal oxides have surface sites which are acidic, basic, or both and these characteristics control important properties such as lubrication, adhesion, and corrosion. Some of the newer infrared techniques such as lazer-Raman and Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy are important tools for assessing just how organic acids and bases interact with the oxide films on metal surfaces. Illustrations are given for the adsorption of acidic organic species onto aluminum or iron surfaces, using Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy. 

Attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can provide insight into the chemical nature of deposits on membranes [46]. The spectra of the foulants can be easily distinguished from the spectra of the membrane material. ATR/FTIR can also indicate the presence of inorganic foulants as well as the ratio of inorganic-organic foulants. 

The results presented in this paper show that diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, used in conjunction with controlled environment techniques and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, can be a powerful tool for the study of catalysis by product (shape) selective molecular sieve materials. By utilizing spectral differencing techniques it is possible to track the variations in protonated site occupancy and the formation of stable organic species that occur during exposure of molecular sieve catalysts to organic reactants. 

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