Concurrent measurements

With recent developments in analytical instrumentation these criteria are being increasingly fulfilled by physicochemical spectroscopic approaches, often referred to as whole-organism fingerprinting methods.910 Such methods involve the concurrent measurement of large numbers of spectral characters that together reflect the overall cell composition. Examples of the most popular methods used in the 20th century include pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS),11,12 Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), and UV resonance Raman spectroscopy.16,17 The PyMS technique... 

Concurrent measurements of conversion and conductivity, and measurements of the DPD, throughout the reaction. 

Fig. I. Relationship between concurrent measurements of the rate of ammonia loss made using the wind tunnel and micrometeorological mass balance methods during an experiment in which the mean air speed through the tunnels was adjusted to maintain a value within 20% of the mean ambient wind speed. Rates of loss measured using the wind tunnels are the means of four replicates, the bars around each point indicating the 95% confidence limits (reproduced from ref. 12).

Salkovskis P, Jones D, Clark D (1986) Respiratory control in the treatment of panic attacks replication and extension with concurrent measurement of behaviour and pC02. Br J Psychiatry 148 526-532... 

Soares, J.C., Chen, G., Dippold, C.S., Wells, K.F., Frank, E., Kupfer, D.J., Manji, H.K., and Mallinger, A.G. (2000) Concurrent measures of protein kinase C and phosphoinositides in lithium-treated bipolar patients and healthy individuals a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 95 109-118. 

Droppo, J. G Jr., Concurrent Measurements of Ozone Dry Deposition Using Eddy Correlation and Profile Flux Methods, J. Geo-phys. Res., 90, 2111-2118 (1985). 

A second goal in HO measurements is more specifically oriented toward comparing the predictions of chemical models with measured HO concentrations. Now, the concentrations of all relevant chemical species, light fluxes, and so forth must be concurrently measured. The rapid equilibration... 

Gas exchange studies of total toxaphene in Lakes Superior, Michigan and Ontario were conducted between 1996-2000 [46,50,67] using concurrently measured water and air concentrations. The air and water data from these studies are discussed in Sects. 2.2, 3.1.1 and 3.1.2, and are summarized in Tables 3, 5, and 6. An earlier mass budget for toxaphene [65] estimated gas exchange from measured water concentrations and historical air data from Hoff et al. [64], All studies based their fugacity and flux calculations on the temperature-dependent Henry s law constant for technical toxaphene [15]. 

Concurrent measurement of fluorescence quantum yields (c()f) and fluorescence lifetimes (tp) for the protonated and unprotonated forms of 1 (along with model 2) permits the calculation of PET rates. 1 has a PET rate of 3.3 x 109 s-1... 

Similar to 234 Th, downcore profiles of 7Be can also be used to determine seasonal changes in sedimentation and sediment mixing rates in estuaries (Canuel et al., 1990). The basic assumption here, as described earlier, is that the nuclide (e.g., 7Be) traces movements of particles during sediment accumulation and that the delivery and trapping of the nuclide to surface sediments is uniform across habitats within an estuary. The three basic processes controlling the depth distribution are (1) supply rate from sedimentation (2) radioactive decay and (3) postdepositional particle mixing processes. Finally, it should be noted that using 7Be for the aforementioned purposes also requires concurrent measurement of 7Be in atmospheric fallout (Canuel et al., 1990). 

The early conflicting reports on the activity of pure copper metal could not be reconciled without the simultaneous or concurrent measurements of activity, surface area, and surface composition. Moreover, it became evident that it is important to use unsupported copper as the reference material to avoid support-metal interactions that may influence the catalytic properties of the latter. 

Karlsruhe, Germany) was used. Blank values were concurrently measured in the studies and deducted from those measured. These blank values originated from bile fluid of the animals taken before dosing. 

Blood and milk samples were taken on cones for combustion, weighed, dried at room temperature, combusted in a combuster and the 14C02 formed is directed into an absorption fluid. The subsequent radioactivity measurements are carried out after addition of scintillator to the samples. Blank values are concurrently measured in the studies and deducted from those measured. These blank values originated from identical material from untreated animals. 

The problem was solved by the development of multifunctional detectors, where more than one property of the solute is concurrently measured while it is situated in a single sensor cell. This arrangement reduces both the cost of the detector and also the extracolumn dispersion as only one cell is employed and only the normal column detector connection is necessary. The first multifunctional detector was developed by DuPont and was a bifunctional detector that simultaneously measured UV absorption and solute fluorescence. 

In 1984 Baba and Housako (7) described a second bifunctional detector based on the concurrent measurement of UV absorption and electrical conductivity. A diagram of the detector is shown in figure... 

For the precise examination of the complexation equilibria in linear carboxylate polyion systems, the Kj values of the Ag -CmDx and the Ca -CmDx binding equilibria have been examined at various a values [42,43]. In this case, the Kj, values resolved in the presence of trace-level concentrations of metal ion have been substituted for the intrinsic constant, Km values. Concurrent measurements of p[H] and p[M], at equilibrium, of the M /(Na, H )CmDx/Na (excess) system enabled the simultaneous analyses of the acid-dissociation and the metal complexation equilibria. The log K(P, and the log K g values determined on the metal association studies are plotted versus a in Fig. 29. The increase in the log KjS value with a is more pronounced with the higher valent metal ion. It should be pointed out as well that log K, , is greatly influenced by the added salt concentration in the Ca ion-binding system. 

It is recommended that inhibition studies with intact hepatocytes be performed if inhibitory effects of a drug or drug candidate have been observed with rCYP or liver microsomes to allow a more accurate prediction of the extent of in vivo inhibitory effects. Time-dependent inhibition of P450 can also be studied using intact human hepatocytes.26 One precaution with the use of intact hepatocytes is to concurrently measure also cytotoxicity. As dead hepatocytes are not active in drug metabolism, without cytotoxicity information, cytotoxic drug concentrations could be interpreted as inhibitory concentrations. 

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