Fourier transform infrared FTIR microscopy

Microscopy-ftir technique, 79 564-565. See also Fourier transform infrared (Ftir) microscopy... 

It is clear that the introduction of the IR FPA detector has brought Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy with a thermal source to a new and exciting stage of development. This is illustrated in the other chapters of this volume. Our purpose in this chapter is to address how IR FPA technology could be combined with the synchrotron source to advance IR spectroscopic imaging in ways that would prove quite difficult with a conventional thermal source. To address this question, we will need to understand the detailed nature of the synchrotron IR source, the optical... 

Most of the techniques employed in fibre analysis are nondestructive tests to determine whether the fibre is natural (obtained from animal, plant, or mineral) or synthetic (wholly manufactured from chemicals or regenerated from natural fibres) and the fibre type (e.g., determining if the fibre is wool, cotton, nylon, polyester, etc.). Whether any chemical treatments have been carried out (such as bleaching or the use of delustrants) is noted and the colour is also determined. Many of the techniques commonly used in these analyses include low- and high-power microscopes, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, polarising Ught microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and microspectrophotometry (MSP). 

Direct identification of potato s fungal phyto-pathogens by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy. Spectrosc. Int. J., 24 (6), 609-619. 

Analytical investigations may be undertaken to identify the presence of an ABS polymer, characterize the polymer, or identify nonpolymeric ingredients. Fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy is the method of choice to identify the presence of an ABS polymer and determine the acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene ratio of the composite polymer (89,90). Confirmation of the presence of mbber domains is achieved by electron microscopy. Comparison with available physical property data serves to increase confidence in the identification or indicate the presence of unexpected stmctural features. Identification of ABS via pyrolysis gas chromatography (91) and dsc ((92) has also been reported. 

We have found new CO-tolerant catalysts by alloying Pt with a second, nonprecious, metal (Pt-Fe, Pt-Co, Pt-Ni, etc.) [Fujino, 1996 Watanabe et al., 1999 Igarashi et al., 2001]. In this section, we demonstrate the properties of these new alloy catalysts together with Pt-Ru alloy, based on voltammetric measurements, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). 

Three series of LaCoi. CuxOs, LaMni.xCuxOs, LaFei x(Cu, Pd)x03 perovskites prepared by reactive grinding were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of O2, NO + O2, and CsHg in the absence or presence of H2O, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as activity evaluations without or with 10% steam in the feed. This research was carried out with the objective to investigate the water vapor effect on the catalytic behavior of the tested perovskites. An attempt to propose a steam deactivation mechanism and to correlate the water resistance of perovskites with their properties has also been done. 

Manecki et al. (2000b) used the same three apatites to study both homogeneous and epitaxial heterogeneous nucleation. For this, AFM, SEM, optical microscopy, EDS, Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and XRD were used to characterize the apatites and the reaction... 

Immersion of fatty acid films into solutions of metal ions, as already indicated, results in an intercalation of the metal ions into the planes formed by the carboxylate head groups of the fatty acids. This can be accomplished in M-FA films where the FA has been regenerated by exposure to H2S [Eq. (4)] or in FA films deposited without any metal ions. Subsequent exposure of the films to H2S has been shown to result in the formation of the metal sulfide. This intercalation/sulfidation (i/s) cycle can be repeated several times to increase the concentration of the metal sulfide in the film. This process has been investigated forCdS (34,39,42,43), PbS (39,43,44), ZnS (39,43), and HgS (45) produced in M-FA films, using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and UV/visible spectroscopies, QCM gravimetry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). 

The solid-state properties like crystallinity, polymorphism (crystal structure), shape (morphology), and particle size of drugs are important in the stability, dissolution, and processibility of drugs. Some commonly used methods in solid-state studies include microscopy, hot stage microscopy with polarized light, x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared FTIR/Raman, and solid-state NMR. 

In the author s opinion, the better approach to experimentally study the morphology of the silica surface is with the help of physical adsorption (see Chapter 6). Then, with the obtained, adsorption data, some well-defined parameters can be calculated, such as surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution. This line of attack (see Chapter 4) should be complemented with a study of the morphology of these materials by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning probe microscopy (SPM), or atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the characterization of their molecular and supramolecular structure by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry, thermal methods, and possibly with other methodologies. 

Although they may be part of a catalyst testing [1-3] programme, investigations focused on revealing the reaction mechanism, such as in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) in transmission or reflection mode, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (EXAFS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron microscopy (EM), electron spin resonance (ESR), and UV-visible (UV-vis) and the reaction cells used are not included. For the correct interpretation of the results, however, this chapter may also provide a worthwhile guide. 

The apparatus used for IR microscopy is a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer coupled on-line with an optical microscope. The microscope serves to observe the sample in white light at significant magnification for the purpose of determining its morphology, as well as to select the area for analysis. The spectrometer, on the other hand, enables study of the sample by transmission or reflection measurement for the purpose of determining the chemical composition. It also provides information about the microstructure and optical properties (orientation) of the sample. It is possible to apply polarised light both in the observation of the sample and in spectrometric measurements. 

Metal oxide and hydroxide systems serve many functions, including roles as pigments, in mineralogy, and also in catalysis. The classic techniques used in such investigations have included diffraction (especially X-ray diffraction XRD), thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy (see also Chapters 2 and 4). Until the introduction of voltammetry in the analysis of immobilized microparticles, electrochemical studies had been confined to solid electrolyte cells (Chapter 12), normally functioning at elevated temperatures. Unfortunately, these studies proved to be inapplicable for analytical characterization, and consequently a series of systematic studies was undertaken using immobilized microparticles of iron oxides and oxide-hydrates (for reviews, see... 

Micro and chemical structural analysis, including porosity, bonding, coking X-ray diffraction (XRD) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Raman spectroscopy Small probe molecule volumetric and gravimetric adsorption... 

Characterize new electrocatalysts by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), in-situ fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) techniques. 

These categories include many individual high-cost systems such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. X-ray equipment, and electron microscopy and spectroscopy setups. Sales of spectroscopic instruments that are growing include Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman NMR, plasma emission and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers. 

Mesoporous vanadosilicate molecular sieves with MCM-48 structure and atomic SiA ratio 30-200 have been synthesized using vanadyl sulphate as the source of vanadium. The product was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nj adsorption analysis, transmision electron microscopy (TEM), electron spin resonance (ESR), Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR), Diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) and V solid state NMR. A noticeable decrease in unit cell parameters and main pore diameter was observed. Thus, a strong interaction between vanadium and mesoporous wall can be suggested. 

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