Formulae hyphens

Structural prefixes should be italicized and connected with the chemical formula by a hyphen cis-, trans-, anti-, syn-, cyclo-, catena-, o- or ortho-, m- or meta-, p- or para-, sec- (secondary), tert-(tertiary), v- (vicinal), meso-, as- for asymmetrical, and 3- for symmetrical. 

The italicized symbols d- (for deuterium) and t- (for tritium) are placed after the formula and connected to it by a hyphen. The number of deuterium or tritium atoms is indicated by a subscript to the symbol. 

Stoichiometric Proportions. The stoichiometric proportions of the constituents in a formula may be denoted by Greek numerical prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona- (Latin), deca-, undeca- (Latin), dodeca-,. . . , icosa- (20), henicosa- (21),. . . , tri-conta-(30), tetraconta-(40),. . . , hecta-(100), and so on, preceding without a hyphen the names of the elements to which they refer. The prefix mono can usually be omitted occasionally hemi-(1/2) and sesqui- (%) are used. No elisions are made when using numerical prefixes except in the case of icosa- when the letter i is elided in docosa- and tricosa-. Beyond 10, prefixes may be replaced by Arabic numerals. 

Abbreviations for Ligand Names. Except for certain hydrocarbon radicals, for ligand (L) and metal (M), and a few with H, all abbreviations are in lowercase letters and do not involve hyphens. In formulas, the ligand abbreviation is set off with parentheses. Some common abbrevia-... 

Structural modifiers. Modifiers such as cis-, irons-, etc., are listed in (Table 1-6 see also page A-69). Usually such modifiers are used as itaidzed prefixes and are connected to die formula by a hyphen [cir-, irons-, etc.]. 

Iodine and Se speciation in breast milk provides an example of the use of CE in hyphenated systems with ICP-MS detection. By employing CE, Michalke and colleagues determined selenoaminocids and identified two chemical forms of iodine, I- and thyroxine, which were present in comparable amounts in milk [115-117]. Other authors used SEC and IEC for I speciation in various types of milk and infant formulae (see Table 8.3) and found I- as the main species, with the exception of breast milk and formulae. The latter were found to contain less I than commercial and human milk, and mostly as an unidentified macromolecular compound. 

Use the formula prefix + root + suffix to put the name together. The full name of this compound is 2-ethyl-1-butene. Remember that a hyphen is placed between numbers and letters, and commas are placed between consecutive numbers. 

Note that generally we write a hyphen between a number and a letter and a comma between a number and another number in the name (by a worldwide agreement amongst chemists, the names of the formulae are in British format), e.g. 2,2-dimethylpropane. 

Use italic type for positional, stereochemical, configurational, and descriptive structural prefixes when they appear with the chemical name or formula. Use a hyphen to separate them from the chemical name. Accepted prefixes include the following ... 

Details about formulae and names of polynuclear complexes can be found in Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, It need only be mentioned here that a bridging group is indicated in the formula by separating it from the rest of the complex by hyphens, and in the name by prefixing it with ... 

Hyphens are used in formulae and in names. Note that there is no space on either side of a hyphen. 

Double bonds in chemical formulas, 260 Double negatives, rewritten as affirmatives, 5 Doubled letters, hyphenation rules, 76, 77 Drug names, capitalization, 85 Due to , correct use, 54—55, 73... 

For biomarker identification, it is also possible to separate out substances of interest from a complex biofluid sample using techniques such as solid phase extraction or HPLC. For metabolite identification, directly coupled chromatography-NMR spectroscopy methods can be used. The most powerful of these hyphenated approaches is HPLC-NMR-MS [24] in which the eluting HPLC peak is split with parallel analysis by directly coupled NMR and MS techniques. This can be operated in on-flow, stopped-flow, and loop-storage modes and thus can provide the full array of NMR and MS-based molecular identification tools. These include MS-MS for identification of fragment ions and FT-MS or TOF-MS for accurate mass measurement and hence derivation of molecular empirical formulae. 

General formula represents the number of each element in homopolymer units and in copolymer units, separated by a hyphen. The sequence of elements is conventional — alphabetical, but starting with C and H . 

In all cases fluorine-fluorine and fluorine-hydrogen coupling constants are indicated in column (4) by two numbers separated by a hyphen [e.g. (1-2) indicates a J(F-F) or J(F-H) between nuclei numbered (1) and (2) in the structural formula in column (2)], or by numbers followed by letters for AB systems [e.g. (2A-2B) indicates a J(F-F) between fluorine nuclei of an AB system numbered (2) in the structural formula in column (2)]. Other couplings are represented by a number for the fluorine (or F) and an element symbol separated by a hyphen, with the higher atomic number nucleus having priority. The element involved in the coupling may be numbered, but the coupled nuclei, other than fluorine, are always denoted by the element symbol followed by the number [e.g. a coupling between phosphorus and fluorine may appear in column (4) as (P-2), (P-FX (Px-2X (Px-FX V(P-FX V(Px-2), or V(Px-FX where x, y, and 2 are int ers ]. The above should be self-evident from the tables. 

The alkene with four carbons, however, is a different story. See the two butane structures in Figure 14.15. The two different structures can be drawru They are different because of the location of the double bond. These two structures are isomers, since they have the same molecular formula (C4H8) but a different structure. Remember when drawing organic structures that all carbons must have exactly four bonds. Notice that a number and a hyphen to the left of the name butene indicates the carbon in the chain on which the double bond first appears (counting from the left). The lowest number possible is always used. For example, if we had counted from the right, 1-butene would have been called 3-butene, which is incorrect. 

Thus, aU hyphens in the table are true parts of the names. The symbols > and < placed next to an element symbol both denote two single bonds connecting the atom in question to two other atoms. For a given compound, the various systematic names, if applicable, are given in the order stoichiometric names, substitutive names, additive names and hydrogen names. Acceptable names that are not entirely systematic (or not formed according to any of the systems mentioned above) are given at the end after a semicolon. No order of preference is implied by the order in which formulae and names are listed. Reprinted by permission of lUPAC. 

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