Formulae generalized salts

The general formula for salts of the sulphonic acids is, therefore. Ring—SO2—OM. 

IR-4.4.3.2 Formal treatment as coordination compounds IR-4.4.3.3 Chain compounds IR-4.4.3.4 Generalized salt formulae IR-4.4.3.5 (Formal) addition compounds IR-4.4.4 Figand abbreviations IR-4.5 Isotopically modified compounds IR-4.5.1 General formalism IR-4.5.2 Isotopically substituted compounds IR-4.5.3 Isotopically labelled compounds IR-4.5.3.1 Types of labelling IR-4.5.3.2 Specihcally labelled compounds IR-4.5.3.3 Selectively labelled compounds IR-4.6 Optional modibers of formulae IR-4.6.1 Oxidation state IR-4.6.2 Formulae of radicals IR-4.6.3 Formulae of optically active compounds IR-4.6.4 Indication of excited states IR-4.6.5 Structural descriptors IR-4.7 References... 

This principle for constructing generalized stoichiometric names parallels the principle for constructing generalized salt formulae in Section IR-4.4.3.4. However, the order of citation in a generalized stochiometric name is not necessarily the same as the order of symbols in the corresponding generalized salt formula, as is seen from Examples 4, 5 and 7 below. 

A substance precipitates from a given solution when its solubility is exceeded. In the case of ionic substances, this means that the factor Q, which is the product of the molar concentrations of the salt forming ions, is higher than its solubility product. The solubility product is a constant defined as the product of the molar concentrations of the individual salt forming ions, in a saturated solution of the salt in question. The solubility product formula for the general salt is... 

These are double salts which have the general formula... 

Double salts of general formula M2SO4 -FeS04.6H2O (M = alkali metal or ammonium) can be obtained by crystallisation of solutions containing the appropriate proportions of the two simple salts ... 

An extension of these calculations to cationic dialkylamide salts required an even more complex model [Adolf et al. 1995]. These molecules have the general formula (CH3)2N [(CH2) iCH3][(CH2)m-iCH3]CK and the isomer with m = m = 18 is one of the main active ingredients in commercial fabric softeners. The presence of two long alkyl... 

Identification of Amines. Picric acid combines with many amines to give crystalline picrates, of general formula B,(NO )aCeHjOH, where B is a molecule of a monacidic base. These picrates have usually sharp melting- or decomposition-points, and serve to characterise the amines concerned. They may be formed either by (a) direct union of the acid and the base in a suitable solvent, or (6) by the interaction of sodium picrate and a salt of the amine in aqueous solution. 

When an amine, or a solution of its hydrochloride, is added to an aqueous solution of chloroplatinic acid, a salt of the base with the cliloroplatinic acid, of general formula BjiHiPtCle (where B is one molecule of the base) is formed and usually crystallises out, for these chloroplatinates hai e normally a rather low solubility in cold water. The chloroplatinate can be filtered off, dried, and then analysed by direct ignition, when only the metallic platinum ultimately remains. Knowing the percentage of platinum in the chloroplatinate, the molecular weight of the latter, and hence of the constituent base, can readily be calculated. 

The formation of acyloins (a-hydroxyketones of the general formula RCH(OH)COR, where R is an aliphatic residue) proceeds best by reaction between finely-divided sodium (2 atoms) and esters of aliphatic acids (1 mol) in anhydrous ether or in anhydrous benzene with exclusion of oxygen salts of enediols are produced, which are converted by hydrolysis into acyloins. The yield of acetoin from ethyl acetate is low (ca. 23 per cent, in ether) owing to the accompanying acetoacetic ester condensation the latter reaction is favoured when the ester is used as the solvent. Ethyl propionate and ethyl ji-butyrate give yields of 52 per cent, of propionoin and 72 per cent, of butyroin respectively in ether. 

KHSO KHSO K SO, hence the name. It has also been described as a mixture of the three salts, which it is not. The formula should be written ia the more general form as K (HSO )2(HSO (SO. The crystal stmcture is disordered and not fiiUy estabHshed, but reports on it have appeared (69,70). The presence of the hydrogen monoperoxosulfate ion HSO ia the crystal is also mentioned. 

The trisodium phosphate system is the most complex and the commercial product is generally of variable composition and often contains excess sodium hydroxide. It has long been recognized that the usual formula, Na PO does not accurately represent the constitution of this salt. A better... 

The tertiary metal phosphates are of the general formula MPO where M is B, Al, Ga, Fe, Mn, etc. The metal—oxygen bonds of these materials have considerable covalent character. The anhydrous salts are continuous three-dimensional networks analogous to the various polymorphic forms of siHca. Of limited commercial interest are the alurninum, boron, and iron phosphates. Boron phosphate [13308-51 -5] BPO, is produced by heating the reaction product of boric acid and phosphoric acid or by a dding H BO to H PO at room temperature, foUowed by crystallization from a solution containing >48% P205- Boron phosphate has limited use as a catalyst support, in ceramics, and in refractories. 

The organic bases form, like ammonia, crystalline chloroplati-nates with platinic chloride of the general formula BoH,j,PtCl,). By estimating the amount of platinum present in the salt, it is possible to calculate the molecular weight of the platinum compound, and consequently that of the base. 

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