Generalized stoichiometric names

The constituents of the compound to be named are divided into formally electropositive and formally electronegative constituents. There must be at least one electropositive and one electronegative constituent. Cations are electropositive and anions electronegative, by definition. Electropositive elements occur later in Table VI than electronegative elements by 

In principle, the division into electropositive and electronegative constituents is arbitrary if the compound contains more than two elements. In practice, however, there is often no problem in deciding where the division lies. 

The names of the electropositive constituents precede those of the electronegative constituents in the overall name. The order of citation is alphabetical within each class of constituents (multiplicative prefixes being ignored), except that hydrogen is always cited last among electropositive constituents if actually classified as an electropositive constituent. 

This principle for constructing generalized stoichiometric names parallels the principle for constructing generalized salt formulae in Section IR-4.4.3.4. However, the order of citation in a generalized stochiometric name is not necessarily the same as the order of symbols in the corresponding generalized salt formula, as is seen from Examples 4, 5 and 7 below. 

The following generalized stoichiometric names, based only on single-element constituents, do not carry information about the structure. 

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IR-5.2 Stoichiometric names of elements and binary compounds IR-5.3 Names of ions and radicals IR-5.3.1 General IR-5.3.2 Cations IR-5.3.2.1 General IR-5.3.2.2 Monoatomic cations IR-5.3.2.3 Homopolyatomic cations IR-5.3.2.4 Heteropolyatomic cations IR-5.3.3 Anions IR-5.3.3.1 Overview IR-5.3.3.2 Monoatomic anions IR-5.3.3.3 Homopolyatomic anions IR-5.3.3.4 Heteropolyatomic anions IR-5.4 Generalized stoichiometric names... 

When names of polyatomic ions occur as constituents in a generalized stoichiometric name, a certain amount of structural information is often implied by the name. 

The proportions of the constituents, be they monoatomic or polyatomic, may be indicated in generalized stoichiometric names by multiplicative prefixes, as was the case for the constituents of binary compounds (Section IR-5.2). ... 

The stoichiometric name of the compound is then formed by combining the name of the electropositive constituent, cited first, with that of the electronegative constituent, both suitably qualified by any necessary multiplicative prefixes ( mono , di , tri , tetra , penta , etc., given in Table IV). The multiplicative prefixes precede the names they multiply, and are joined directly to them without spaces or hyphens. The final vowels of multiplicative prefixes should not be elided (although monoxide , rather than monooxide , is an allowed exception because of general usage). The two parts of the name are separated by a space in English. 

Substances are indexed under the lUPAC systematic stoichiometric name (i.e. with structural descriptors omitted) or the name generally used in the neutron scattering literature (even if obsolete or wrong) and cross referenced as needed. 

Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the unmodified element name is listed in the second and diird columns. The unmodified name is generally used when the element appears as an electropositive constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic cations consisting of the element are also constructed using the element name, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.2.1 to IR-5.3.2.3). The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. lUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. 

In general, steam is utilised in case fuel is solid, namely gasification, whereas sub-stoichiometric oxygen is used with liquid and gaseous fuels. Both reactions occur at elevated temperature (1,400°C) and pressure (3-7 Mpa), as seen in Equations 2 and 3. 

Polymeric compounds (macromolecules) do not fall easily into either of these categories, and for them a subsystem of macromolecular nomenclature has been developed. A brief introduction to macromolecular nomenclature is presented in Chapter 6. Non-stoichiometric compounds also are clearly difficult to name within the constraints of a description which generally implies localised electron-pair bonds or specific atom-atom interactions. For these, further systems of nomenclature are in the process of development. Finally, oxoacids and inorganic rings and chains have their own nomenclature variants. 

Equation 9.72 introduces a great deal of nomenclature at once. Chemical species are indexed by k, with K being the total number of species (later, when we generalize the kinetics to multiple phases, the variable Kg is used for the number of gas-phase species) reactions are indexed by the variable i, with / being the total number of reactions in the mechanism the name of species k is represented by X v ki is the stoichiometric coefficient of species k in the forward direction of reaction i is the stoichiometric coefficient of species k in the reverse direction of reaction i. 

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