Formation of synthetic fibers

H. F. Mark, S. M. Adas, and E. Cemia, eds., Man-Made Fibers Science and Technology, 3 Vols., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1967—1968. Z. K. Walczak, Formation of Synthetic Fibers, Gordon Breach, New York, 1977. 

With the exception of silk, which the silkworm or spider extrudes as a continuous filament, natural fibers are of finite length. For textile use, these need to be cleaned and then spun into threads or yams. Synthetic fibers, on the other hand, are continuous filaments produced from a solution or melt. The term spinning is used to describe the formation of synthetic fibers, but in this sense it has no relation to the process for combining fibers into threads. 

Walczak, Z. K. "Formation of Synthetic Fibers" Gordon and Breach New York, 1977. 

Z. K. Walczak, Formation of Synthetic Fibers, Gordon and Breach, New York (1977). 

Most minerals occur in a variety of morphologies. Although it is not exhaustive, the list we recorded as occurring in fibrous form (Appendix 1) contains more than 350 entries, each with a reference. The format follows that proposed in Dana s System of Mineralogy, (Palache, et al., 1944), one of the standard references in the field. The names of fibrous minerals are alphabetically arranged within each chemical group that is, elements, oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and so on. A similar, parallel system has been adopted for the list of synthetic fibers (Appendix 2). The list of synthetics includes glassy fibers produced from natural materials, as well as whiskers. 

Acrylamide with a demand of 200,000 tons year" is one of the most important commodities in the world. It is used for the preparation of coagulators, soil conditioners, stock additives for paper treatment, and in leather and textile industry as a component of synthetic fibers. Conventional chemical synthesis involving hydration of acrylonitrile with the use of copper salts as a catalyst has some disadvantages rate of acrylic acid formation higher than acrylamide, by-products formation and polymerization, and high-energy inputs. To overcome these limits since 1985, the Japanese company Nitto Chemical Industry developed a biocatalyzed process to synthesize... 

Y-27632 (25) is a synthetic pyridine derivative that inhibits Rho kinase (ROCK)-I and ROCK-II. As expected, Y27632 (25) inhibits the formation of stress fibers in cultured cells and motility in a number of systems [36]. In addition, two isoquinoline sulfonamides, HA1077 (26) and H-1152 (27), were developed as ROCK inhibitors [37,38]. 

Pfi-Ha Tcrephthalic acid (TPA) finds extensive use in the manufacture of synthetic fibers (c.g.. Dacron) and as an intemiediaie for polyester films fe.g.. Mylan. The formation of potassium tcrephthalate from pota.ssium benzoate was studied using a tubular reactor [Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.. 26. 1691 (19871). 

The primary fabrication process in the production of synthetic fibers is the spinning—i.e., the formation—of filaments. In every case the polymer is either melted or dissolved in a solvent and is put in filament form by forcing through a die, called spinneret, having a multiplicity of holes. Spinnerets for rayon spinning, for example, have as many as 10,000 holes in a 15-cm-diameter platinum disc, and those for textile yarns may have 10-120 holes industrial yarns such as tire core might be spun from spinnerets with up to 720 holes. 

Polyvinyl chloride is a synthetic polymer that was first described by Regnault in 1838 [142]. Although there was already a German patent in 1913, which suggested the formation of new fiber from PVC [143], the chemical industry did not begin to show an active interest in this polymer until the early 1930s. 

E. D. GODDARD received his B.S. (1945) and M.S. (1948) degrees from Rhodes University, South Africa, and his Ph.D. (1951) in physical chemistry from Cambridge University. From 1951-54 at Unilever, he worked on problems related to synthetic detergents. As Post-Doctorate Fellow at the National Research Council, Ottawa, (1954-56) he studied the energetics of micelle formation of surfactants. From 1956-59 he was a research chemist at Canadian Industries Limited, working in the field of synthetic fibers. From 1960-73 he was manager of the Physics and Physical Chemistry Research section at Lever Brothers Company,... 

The actual crystalline stmcture of synthetic fibers is largely affected by the polymer type and the fiber formation conditions. The models discussed above cannot explain all the crystalline structures that have been found in synthetic fibers. Hence, other models also have been developed, and many of them are modified versions of above-mentioned models so they can better explain the stmcture and properties of dififerent synthetic fibers. 

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