Formal tables

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. A chemical element may be defined as a collection of atoms of otic type which cannot be decomposed into any simpler units by any chemical transformation, but which may spontaneously change into other units by radioactive processes A chemical element is a substance that is made up of but one kind of atom. Of the over 100 chemical elements known, only 90 tire found in nature. The remaining elements have been produced in nuclear reactors and particle accelerators. Theoretical physicists do not all agree, but some believe that fission-stable nuclei should exist at atomic numbers 109. 114. and 126. Claims thus lur have been made for the discovery, isolation, or creation of elements up to 110. The element with the highest atomic number officially named and entered into the formal table of atomic weight is darmstudlium (Dx) with an atomic number of 110. 

Give every formal table a brief, informative title that describes its contents in nonsentence format. The title should be complete enough to be understood without referring to the text. Place details in table footnotes, not in the title. 

Place formal tables after the references at the end of the text file, each on its own page. 

If only a few experimental data or calculated results are involved, they can be displayed in the body of the text as an unnumbered tabulation centered horizontally with wider margins than the text (see Sec. Ill of the Sample Report). In many cases, extensive data sets or multiple calculated results are obtained. These are best presented in formal tables with a number, a self-explanatory caption, and clearly labeled column heads with units given in parentheses. Footnotes may also be used at the bottom of the table to include references or comments on individual entries. See Tables 47-2 and XVII-1 as examples. 

Figure 2. H NMR spectrum of poly (divinyl formal). Table I, run 3 3 w/v % in d,-DMSO at 150°C accumulation, 32 scans.

Number the formal tables sequentially with arabic or roman numerals, depending on the publication s style, in order of discussion in the text. Like figures, every formal table must be cited in the text. 

Submit formal tables each on a separate page after the reference section of the text. Print the entire table double-spaced. If a table must contain structures or other art or special symbols, or if a table has special alignment and positioning requirements, submit it as camera-ready copy, in which case it should be single-spaced. If it is too large for the column or page, the publisher will reduce it. 

Formal tables are beautiful and indicate that an occasion is special and should be treated with honor. 

This basic approach can be developed into a formal algorithm known as the problem table algorithm. To jllustrate the algorithm, it can be developed using the data from Fig. 6.2 given in Table 6.2 for AT ,i = 10°C. 

In this oxidation state the titanium atom has formally lost its 3d and 4s electrons as expected, therefore, it forms compounds which do not have the characteristics of transition metal compounds, and which indeed show strong resemblances to the corresponding compounds of the lower elements (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) of Group IV—the group into which Mendeleef put titanium in his original form of the periodic table. 

The operation of the nitronium ion in these media was later proved conclusively. "- The rates of nitration of 2-phenylethanesulphonate anion ([Aromatic] < c. 0-5 mol l i), toluene-(U-sulphonate anion, p-nitrophenol, A(-methyl-2,4-dinitroaniline and A(-methyl-iV,2,4-trinitro-aniline in aqueous solutions of nitric acid depend on the first power of the concentration of the aromatic. The dependence on acidity of the rate of 0-exchange between nitric acid and water was measured, " and formal first-order rate constants for oxygen exchange were defined by dividing the rates of exchange by the concentration of water. Comparison of these constants with the corresponding results for the reactions of the aromatic compounds yielded the scale of relative reactivities sho-wn in table 2.1. 

Another problem is that the Nernst equation is a function of activities, not concentrations. As a result, cell potentials may show significant matrix effects. This problem is compounded when the analyte participates in additional equilibria. For example, the standard-state potential for the Fe "/Fe " redox couple is +0.767 V in 1 M 1TC104, H-0.70 V in 1 M ITCl, and -H0.53 in 10 M ITCl. The shift toward more negative potentials with an increasing concentration of ITCl is due to chloride s ability to form stronger complexes with Fe " than with Fe ". This problem can be minimized by replacing the standard-state potential with a matrix-dependent formal potential. Most tables of standard-state potentials also include a list of selected formal potentials (see Appendix 3D). 

Each of the elements has a number of isotopes (2,4), all radioactive and some of which can be obtained in isotopicaHy pure form. More than 200 in number and mosdy synthetic in origin, they are produced by neutron or charged-particle induced transmutations (2,4). The known radioactive isotopes are distributed among the 15 elements approximately as follows actinium and thorium, 25 each protactinium, 20 uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, californium, einsteinium, and fermium, 15 each herkelium, mendelevium, nobehum, and lawrencium, 10 each. There is frequently a need for values to be assigned for the atomic weights of the actinide elements. Any precise experimental work would require a value for the isotope or isotopic mixture being used, but where there is a purely formal demand for atomic weights, mass numbers that are chosen on the basis of half-life and availabiUty have customarily been used. A Hst of these is provided in Table 1. 

Hydrazides and Related Compounds. Substitutioa of the hydroxyl group ia carboxyhc acids with a hydraziao moiety gives carboxyhc acid hydrazides. la this formal sease, a number of related compouads faU within this product class although they are aot aecessatily prepared this way. Table 5 lists some of the more common of these compouads (82). 

The chemistry of plutonium ions in solution has been thoroughly studied and reviewed (30,94—97). Thermodynamic properties of aqueous ions of Pu are given in Table 8 and in the Uterature (64—66). The formal reduction potentials in aqueous solutions of 1 Af HCIO or KOH at 25°C maybe summarized as follows (66,86,98—100) ... 

The commercial polysulfldes are made from bis-chloroethylformal (formal) as shown later in equation 11. In some products trichloropropane is added as a branching agent. Table 1 shows typical properties of polysulfldes available from Morton International. These products were acquired from Thiokol Corp. in 1983. 

Table 6. Properties of Vinylec Poly(vinyl formal) Resins ...

No formal industrywide specifications for chlorosulfuric acid exist. Each producer or user estabUshes individual specifications as needed. However, typical commercial chlorosulfuric acid meets the specifications given in Table 2. The U.S. military specification MILC 379A appHes to a mixture of chlorosulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide. 

Annelation increases the complexity of the spectra just as it does in the carbocyclic series, and the spectra are not unlike those of the aromatic carbocycle obtained by formally replacing the heteroatom by two aromatic carbon atoms (—CH=CH—). Although quantitatively less marked, the same trend for the longest wavelength band to undergo a bathochromic shift in the heteroatom sequence O < NH < S < Se < Te is discernible in the spectra of the benzo[Z>] heterocycles (Table 17). As might perhaps have been anticipated, the effect of the fusion of a second benzenoid ring on to these heterocycles is to reduce further the differences in their spectroscopic properties (cf. Table 18). The absorption of the benzo[c]... 

Table 14.1 Influence of structure variables on the properties of polyfvinyl formal)...

A risk assessment analyses systems at two levels. The first level defines the functions the system must perform to respond successfully to an accident. The second level identifies the hardware for the systems use. The hardware identification (in the top event statement) describes minimum system operability and system boundaries (interfaces). Experience shows that the interfaces between a frontline system and its support systems are important to the system cs aluaiion and require a formal search to document the interactions. Such is facilitated by a failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA). Table S.4.4-2 is an example of an interaction FMEA for the interlace and support requirements for system operation. 

The records required are only for formal calibrations and verification and not for instances of self-calibration or zeroing using null adjustment mechanisms. While calibration usually involves some adjustment to the device, non-adjustable devices are often verified rather than calibrated. However, as was discussed previously, it is not strictly correct to regard all calibration as involving some adjustment. Slip gages and surface tables are calibrated but not adjusted. An error record is produced to enable users to determine the uncertainty of measurement in a particular range or location and compensate for the inaccuracies when recording the results. 

---