Transmutation, induced

Each of the elements has a number of isotopes (2,4), all radioactive and some of which can be obtained in isotopicaHy pure form. More than 200 in number and mosdy synthetic in origin, they are produced by neutron or charged-particle induced transmutations (2,4). The known radioactive isotopes are distributed among the 15 elements approximately as follows actinium and thorium, 25 each protactinium, 20 uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, californium, einsteinium, and fermium, 15 each herkelium, mendelevium, nobehum, and lawrencium, 10 each. There is frequently a need for values to be assigned for the atomic weights of the actinide elements. Any precise experimental work would require a value for the isotope or isotopic mixture being used, but where there is a purely formal demand for atomic weights, mass numbers that are chosen on the basis of half-life and availabiUty have customarily been used. A Hst of these is provided in Table 1. 

A neutron can get close to a target nucleus more easily than a proton can. Because a neutron has no charge and hence is not repelled by the nuclear charge, it need not be accelerated to such high speeds. An example of neutron-induced transmutation is the formation of cobalt-60, which is used in the radiation treatment of cancer. The three-step process starts from iron-58. First, iron-59 is produced ... 

Claiborne, H. C., Neutron-Induced Transmutation of High-Level Radioac-... 

Describe how induced transmutation is used to produce a transuranium element. 

Transuranium elements The elements immediately following uranium in the periodic table—elements with atomic numbers 93 and greater—are known as the transuranium elements. All transuranium elements have been produced in the laboratory by induced transmutation and are radioactive. 

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the induced transmutation of aluminum-27 into phosphorus-30 by alpha particle bombardment. A neutron is emitted from the aluminum atom in the reaction. 

You are given all of the particles involved in an induced transmutation reaction, from which you must write the balanced nuclear equation. Because the alpha particle bombards the aluminum atom, they are reactants and must appear on the reactant side of the reaction arrow. Obtain the atomic number of aluminum and phosphorus from the periodic table. Write out the nuclear reaction, being sure to include the alpha particle (reactant) and the neutron (product). 

Describe the process of induced transmutation. Give two examples of induced transmutation reactions that produce transuranium elements. 

The conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another by radioactive decay processes is called transmutation. Induced transmutation is the process of bombarding nuclei with high-velocity charged particles in order to create new elements. 

Write a balanced nnclear eqnation for the induced transmutation of nraninm-238 into califomium-246 by bombardment with carbon-12. 

In the early 1930s, van de Graaf generators were used to generate neutrons by bombarding stable beryllium atoms with deuterons (jH), the nuclei of deuterium atoms. A neutron is released in the reaction. Which is the balanced nuclear equation describing this induced transmutation ... 

Thus Babcock etal. <1992. i8)rais the possibility that ln advocating a particular set of comparables to the other side during negotiations, the parties lose track of the fact that they have selected them strategically and come to view them as fair." This illustrates the idea that misrepresentation may induce transmutation. 

One could, for instance, offer subjects the choice among several maxims of fairness and see whether they choose one that corresponds moderately to their interest or one that offers a perfect fit. To induce transmutation rather than misrepresentation, one could tell them that actual allocations would be made by applying an average of the fairness proposals made by different subjects, and (nonveridically) that no one would know who chose whkh maxim. 

Estimated by M. E. Laverne. Unpublished results quoted by H. C. Claiborne, Neutron-induced Transmutation of High-Level Radioactive Waste, Report ORNL-TM/3964, Dec. 1972. 

You are given all of the particles involved in an induced transmutation reaction. Because the proton bombards the oxygen atom, they are reactants and must appear on the reactant side of the reaction arrow. 

I Induced transmutation is the bombardment of nuclei with particles in order to create new elements. 

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