Forensic sciences pharmaceutical drugs

See also Clinical Analysis Sample Handling. Derivatization of Analytes. Forensic Sciences Systematic Drug Identification Thin-Layer Chromatography. Fourier Transform Techniques. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Forensic Applications. Immunoassays, Applications Clinical Forensic. Liquid Chromatography Normal Phase Reversed Phase. Spectrophotometry Pharmaceutical Applications. 

MS compatible with sample preparation techniques used in these fields. For MALDI, the minimum amount of protein needed for a spectrum of high quality was reduced from 1 pmol in 1988 to a few femtomoles only about a year later. Today, in favorable cases, the level is now down in the low attomole range. Many other developments - both instrumental (see Chapter 2) as well as specific sample preparation recipes and assays (see other chapters of the book) - took place during the following decade, and the joint impact of aU of these together has today made MALDI-MS an indispensable tool not only in the Hfe sciences but also in polymer analysis, food sciences, pharmaceutical drug discovery, or forensic jurisprudence. 

HPCE has been applied to the analysis of drugs and pharmaceuticals (Altria, 1993). In fact, determinations of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations represent one of the most rapidly growing areas for HPCE. In addition, pharmaceutical drug analysis is the starting point for the application of HPCE in forensic toxicology and the forensic sciences (Thormann et al., 1994). 

While it is sometimes possible to identify and confirm the drug content of these pharmaceutical materials through research into various internationally available databases and other resources, it is still necessary within the forensic science... 

During the last decade, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has developed into a widely applied method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals (both for the evaluation of pharmaceutical formulations and metabolites). These applications established the basis for introducing CE into the forensic held also. Today, capillary electrophoresis can be applied to a number of analytical problems in forensic science, including the analysis of gunshot residues, explosives, inks, dusts, soils, and, of course, illicit drugs, diverse toxicants, DNA hngerprinting, protein analysis, and so forth (for reviews, see Refs. 1 and 2). 

The variety of fields in which a chemist can work is extensive. Because chemistry is such a broad science, chemists can work on the interface with many other sciences, and even move into other fields. The primary area, of course, is the chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, polymers and plastics, semiconductor and other solid-state materials, and related fields. Examples of activities include research, quality control and property testing, and customer service. In other areas, modern medicine depends heavily on chemistry and involves many chemists in drug development and testing. Forensic science has a very large chemistry component, and many forensic scientists are in fact chemists. These are just a few of the fields in which chemistry plays a role. 

In 1998, Shirley joined the contract research company Quintiles Ltd. in its Pharmaceutical Method Development Department. She supervised a team responsible for the development and validation of HPLC assays for new drug entities. A number of years later, Shirley moved on to join BioRehance Ltd as analytical services manager. Part of her role involved leading a team of analysts responsible for the method development, validation, and transfer of release testing methods for biopharmaceutical products. In 2005, Shirley moved into academia at Teesside University as a senior lecturer and course leader in forensic science. 

Solvent Extraction Principles. Forensic Sciences Drug Screening in Sport Systematic Drug Identification. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Chiral Separations. Immunoassays, Techniques Enzyme Immunoassays Luminescence Immunoassays. Liquid Chromatography Column Technology. Pharmaceutical Analysis Sample Preparation. 

See alsa Chromatography Multidimensional Techniques. Environmental Analysis. Extraction Solid-Phase Extraction. Food and Nutritional Analysis Sample Preparation Contaminants Pesticide Residues. Forensic Sciences Drug Screening in Sport Illicit Drugs. Herbicides. Liquid Chromatography Instrumentation Clinical Applications Food Applications. Mass Spectrometry Peptides and Proteins. Pesticides. Pharmaceutical Analysis Sample Preparation. Proteomics. Sample Handling Automated Sample Preparation. Water Analysis Organic Compounds. 

Sample Handling. Forensic Sciences Blood Analysis Explosives Systematic Drug Identification. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Techniques Nuclear Overhauser Effect. Pharmaceutical Analysis Drug Purity Determination Sample Preparation. 

Lanthanide tris-diketonates have been used extensively for the analysis of enantiomeric purity of pharmaceuticals. In one example, the utility of lanthanide chelates of tfc, hfc, and Eu(dcm)3 at causing enantiomeric discrimination in the H NMR spectra of psychostimulant drug amphetamine 86 was compared. Spectra were recorded in chloroform-considerably more effective than the other chelates at causing enantiomeric discrimination in the NMR spectrum. In forensic science, analyses of enantiomeric purity are often useful in helping to identify the source of the material. ... 

Within the last 25 years, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has developed as a high-resolution analytical technique that has been apphed to all analytical helds including chemical, pharmaceutical, biomedical, forensic, environmental analysis, and food sciences. Based on the number of publications, drugs are actually the preferred analytes in CE. While they served as model compounds for the investigation of specific aspects in some studies, CE has been used to solve real pharmaceutical problems in the majority of applications. 

---