Foraminifera

Biogenic Ma.teria.ls, Deep ocean calcareous or siUceous oo2es are sediments containing >30% of biogenic material. Foraminifera, the skeletal remains of calcareous plankton, are found extensively in deep equatorial waters above the calcium carbonate compensation depth of 4000 to 5000 m. 

Biogenic A. Calcareous B. Siliceous >30 >30 48 Foraminifera, coccoliths, calcareous algae, molluscs, bryozoa, and corals 14 Diatoms and radiolaria... 

Symmetry breaking associated with chiral phenomena is a theme that recurs across the sciences—from the intricacies of the electroweak interaction and nuclear decay [1-3] to the environmentally influenced dimorphic chiral structures of microscopic planktonic foraminifera [4, 5], and the genetically controlled preferential coiling direction seen in the shells of snail populations [6, 7]. 

Graham, D.D., Bender, M.L., Williams, D.F. and Keigwin, L.D. Jr. (1982) Strontium-calcium ratios in Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46, 1281-1292. 

Guber, A.L. and Merrill, S.III. (1983) Paleobathymetric significance of the foraminifera from the Hokuroku district. Econ. Geol. Mon., 5, 55-70. 

Guber, A.L. and Ohmoto, H. (1978) Deep sea environments of Kuroko formation as indicated by the benthic foraminifera from the Hokuroku district, Japan. Mining Geology, 28, 245-256. 

Fig. 4.1. Isotopic paleotemperature analyses of planktonic and benthic foraminifera from the sub-Antarctic Pacific indicating considerably warmer conditions in the Early Cenozoic (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975a).

Studied considerably via 8 0 of foraminifera, biobotanical analyses, marine molluscs, and pollen assemblage. 

Douglas, G. and Savin, S.M. (1973) Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of Cretaceous and Tertiary foraminifera from the central North Pacific. Washington, D.C. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 17, 591-605. 

Tai, Y. (1963) Foraminifera in Tertiary age from Setouchi-Sannin and foraminiferal sharpline. Fossil, 5, 1-7 (in Japanese). 

Henderson GM, Cohen AS, O Nions RK (1993) " U/ U ratios and °Th ages for Haternma Atoll corals implication for coral diagenesis and seawater " U/ U ratios. Earth Planet Sci Lett 115 65-73 Henderson GM, O Nions RK (1995) " U/ U ratios in Quaternary planktonic foraminifera. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59 4685-4694... 

In order to provide AMS analyses to the broad ocean sciences research community, the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS) was established at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Massachusetts) in 1989. Studies performed there include identification of sources of carbon-bearing materials in the water column and sediment, dating of sedimentary samples, investigations of paleocirculation patterns (e.g., from observations of differences in 14C relative abundances in planktonic and benthic foraminifera, and coral cores and cross sections), as well as studies of modern oceanic carbon cycling and circulation. In fact, much that is known about advective and diffusive processes in the ocean comes from measurements of chemical tracers, such as 14C, rather than from direct measurements of water mass flow. 

Forages, as ruminant feed, 10 863 Foraminifera, 17 690 Forastero cocoa beans, 6 353 Forced air cooling, of food, 21 560 Forced circulation crystallizer, 8 136 Forced-circulation evaporators, in sodium chloride solution mining, 22 803, 804 Forced convection, 13 245 Forced drainage experimental procedure, 12 12... 

Table 5.7. 8,80 values (a/oo) in pelagic foraminifera from hole 704 of the Ocean Drilling Program in the South Atlantic (Hodell and Cieselski, 1991). 

Figure 5.65lsO of Neogene pelagic foraminifera from the ODP hole 704 in the South Atlantic sampled at different depths z reported in meters below seafloor (Hodell and Cieselski, 1991)... 

Boettcher AA, Targett NM (1993) Role of polyphenolic molecular size in reduction of assimilation efficiency in Xiphister mucosus. Ecology 74 891-903 Brand TE (1976) Trophic relationships of selected benthic marine invertebrates and foraminifera in Antarctica. Antarctic J US 11 24-26... 

Planktonic foraminifera and cocolithophores are composed of low magnesian calcite (< 1 mol % MgC03). Benthic foraminifera are formed of either aragonite or high magnesian calcite. Pteropods are the most abundant aragonite organisms. 

The fact that the carbonates of foraminifera burried in marine sediments can be used as a "memory storage" for Cd2+ present in the sea when the foraminifera were formed (Delaney and Boyle, 1987) is evidence for the non-reversibility or extremely slow reversibility of biogenic mineral carbonates. 

Delaney, M., and E. A. Boyle (1987), "Cadmium/Calcium in Late Miocene Benthic Foraminifera and Changes in the Global Organic Carbon Budget", Nature 330, 156-159. 

Robbins, L.L., and K. Brew. 1990. Proteins from the organic matrix of core-top and fossil planktonic foraminifera. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 41 803-810. 

Foraminifera Micrometer-size animals that possess calcium carbonate tests. 

Foraminifera are also important in marine geochemistry studies, and Li isotopes have been measured in the shells of a variety of these organisms. The first report of this kind (You and Chan 1996) gave data for four Pleistocene samples of H obliquiloculata 5 Li = +19.3 to +23.0 for two glacial period samples and +26.6 to +42.4 for two interglacial samples (data without blank correction). The species effect interpreted by Marriott et al. (2004) in corals has also been suggested for forams. In the study of Rosier et al. (2001), core-top (i.e., Holocene)P. obliquiloculata samples yielded isotopic compositions close to modem seawater (5 Li = +27.8 to +31.1), whereas samples of G. tumida from the same samples had values of up to +50.5. 

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