For mushroom poisoning

Antidotes for poisoning by cholinergic drugs Atropine is used for poisoning by organophosphorus insecticides, chemical warfare nerve gases, and as an antidote for mushroom poisoning caused by muscarine in certain species, such as Amanita muscaria. 

Because the toxicity and treatment strategies for mushroom poisoning depend on the species ingested, their identification is key. Regional poison control centers in the U.S. maintain up-to-date information on the incidence of poisoning in the region and treatment procedures. 

Tannic acid is mentioned in some very old medical books as a treatment for mushroom poisoning. 

Maalox neutralizes gastric acid and would not be used for mushroom poisoning. 

Lincoff GH, Mitchel DH Toxic and Hallucinogenic Mushroom Poisoning A Handbook for Physicians and Mushroom Hunters. Edited by Williams WK. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977... 

This large group of mushrooms accounts by far for the largest number of mushroom poisonings, but fatalities are very rare, possibly absent. In the great majority of cases the toxins involved remain unidentified, and may dilfer from species to species. 

This mushroom is responsible for a significant number of mushroom poisonings in Europe. Symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may be seen between thirty minutes and two hours after ingestion. No Entoloma poisonings have been fatal and symptoms disappear within a day or two. 

Of all mushroom poisonings in two Swiss studies, 20 to 50% were due to this mushroom. One to two hours postingestion the patient may experience abdominal pain, violent vomiting, sweating, diarrhea, and cramping in the calf muscles. Symptoms usually last for two to six hours, but full recovery may take three to six days. 

Other species of amanita are among the deadliest fungi known. Polypeptide-like toxins in Amanita phalloides, or death cup, can prove fatal or at the very least can cause permanent liver and kidney damage. These mushrooms are common in the temperate climates of Europe and North America. They are responsible for the majority of what is called "slow" mushroom poisoning in the U.S. In fact, it was only a few years ago that the local newspaper reported a case of amanita poisoning within SLO county. Mushroom poisoning is known as mycetism. In addition the amanita also contain bufotenine which has CNS effects. See the ASIDE which discusses the peptide poisons. 

Many small peptides exert their effects at very low concentrations. For example, a number of vertebrate hormones (Chapter 23) are small peptides. These include oxytocin (nine amino acid residues), which is secreted by the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions bradykinin (nine residues), which inhibits inflammation of tissues and thyrotropin-releasing factor (three residues), which is formed in the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of another hormone, thyrotropin, from the anterior pituitary gland. Some extremely toxic mushroom poisons, such as amanitin, are also small peptides, as are many antibiotics. 

Mushrooms are spore-forming bodies of filamentous terrestrial fungi, some of which are considered to be food delicacies, whereas others, such as Amanita phalloides, Amanita virosa, and Gyromita esculenta, are very toxic, with reported worldwide deaths of the order of 100 per year.10 In extreme cases, one bite of one poisonous mushroom can be fatal. Accidental mushroom poisonings are often caused by the death s head mushroom, because it is easily mistaken for edible varieties. 

The death cap mushroom, one of the most poisonous, which is sometimes responsible for human poisoning. 

The my cophobia (that is, fear of fungus) common to some people and cultures can be illustrated in many ways, including the derivation of the word toadstool, a commonly used name for mushrooms that have an erect stalk and a wide cap. Tod is the German word for death, and the deadly, poisonous nature of certain mushrooms may be the likely origin of the word toadstool. 

Some flavonoid glycosides are prepared s)mthetically or by biotransformations, usually for pharmaceutical purposes. Silybin (7) is a flavonolignan that is extracted from seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and it is used extensively as a potent hepatoprotectant and an antidote in mushroom poisoning. The major drawback of this compound is its low water solubility (about 0.43 g/L). Therefore, its glycosylation was accomplished by biological [13] and chemical methods [14]. 

In 1983, the species immediately attracted the attention of biochemists and clinicians, after G. Drewitz described mysterious psychotropic intoxications caused by these mushrooms in the city and district of Potsdam, Germany, during June and July, 1980. The observed range of effects was sensational for mushrooms of the Inocybe genus, because many of its species induce t5q)ical muscarine poisoning symptoms. Muscarine causes parasympathetico-mimetic symptoms, such as pupil contraction (miosis), increased salivation and saliva production. Muscarine has been identified in at least 40 species of the Inocybe genus. The first reports... 

Mushroom poisoning is caused chiefly by the consumption of raw or cooked mushrooms and toadstools. The term toadstool comes from the German word Todesstuhl, which translates death s stool. Toadstool is name commonly given to poi sonous mushrooms, but for individuals who do not... 

Some Amanita mushrooms are notorious for the poisons that they contain. A Japanese fish delicacy of globe fish or... 

Aqueous fractions from P. major leaves were found to be biologically active. They activate the complement system and induced the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) by human moncytes in vitro [196]. Aucubin (19) reported to have liver protective effect and it was shown to be antidote for fatal mushroom poisoning caused by Amanita phalloides. It exhibited low toxicity [197]. In India, the leaves and roots of P. major are used for their astringent properties and to bring down fever. The seeds are taken as a cure for dysentery and are considered to have stimulant effects. 

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