Footnotes

Organic Peroxide Producer s Safety Division Society of the Plastic Industries, Inc. 

Flash point means the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor within a test vessel in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. 

A number of closed-cup, flash test procedures cm be used, depending on the viscosity of the liquid under investigation. 

For homogeneous liquids, having a viscosity less than 45 SUS (Saybolt Universal Seconds) at 100°F (37.8°C) and not forming a surface film while under test, one of the following methods are to be used  

For all other liquids, one of the following methods must be used a) Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester (ASTM D93-71), and methods b and c above. 

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The words "condensable" and "noncondensable" as used here are discussed in the footnote near Equation (13) of Chapter 2. 

Bubble-point and dew-point pressures are calculated using a first-order iteration procedure described by the footnote to Equation (7-25). 

As an interesting footnote, Ceyer [291] has found that ethylene is hydrogenated by hydrogen absorbed in the bulk region just below a Ni(l 11) surface. In this case, the surface ethylenes are assumed to by lying flat, with the dissolved H atoms approaching the double bond from underneath. 

Reactions, (i) ) >-Nitrosodimethyianiline docs not give Liebermann s Nitroso Reaction with phenol and sulphuric acid (see footnote, p. 340). 

Osazone formation. Forms an osazone, m.p. 206 (see however footnote, p. 140) this osazone, unlike glucosazone, is soluble in hot water. See p. 139 for preparation. Examine the crystals under the microscope and note the sheaves of plates, not needles (Fig. 63(B),... 

Coloured oxidation products, (a) Dissolve a few small crystals of triphenylamine in i ml. of cone. H2SO4 (cf. footnote, p. 376). Add 2 drops of cone. HNO3 to about 10 ml. of water, mix, and add i drop of this diluted HNO3 to the triphenylamine solution an intense greenish-blue coloration is produced. Dimethylaniline when treated in this way turns a deep dichromate colour. 

Action of nitrous acid. To a few ml. of 20% NaNO, solution add a few drops of cold dil. acetic acid. Pour the mixture into a cold aqueous solution of glycine, and note the brisk evolution of nitrogen. NH CH COOH -h HNO2 = HO CH2COOH + N + H O. Owing to the insolubility of cystine in acetic acid use a suspension in dU. acetic acid for this test. In each case care must be taken not to confuse the evolution of nitrogen with any possible thermal decomposition of the nitrous acid cf. footnote, p, 360). 

Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride must not be heated with metallic sodium as an explosive reaction is likely to take place (see footnote, p. 321). 

It is again assumed that the neutral substance is insoluble in water (see, however, the footnote on p. 389). The separation now consists in extracting the mixture with diL HCl, which dissolves the basic component, leaving the undissolved neutral component. 

Since formaldehyde solutions almost invariably contain formic acid, and amino-acids themselves are seldom exactly neutral, it is very important that both the formaldehyde solution and the glycine solution should before mixing be brought to the same pH (see footnote, p. 509), and for this purpose each solution is first madejWl alkaline to phenolphthalein by means of dilute sodium hydroxide solution. This preliminary neutralisation must not be confused with... 

Glycine itself is almost neutral, and requires very little sodium hydroxide to give a pink colour with phenolphthalein some other amino-acids, e.g., glutamic acid, aspartic acid, etc., are definitely more acidic and consequently require more alkali for this purpose cf. footnote, p. 380). 

Frequently eomposition is expressed in mol fraetions or in mol fraetions x 100, t.e., moleeular eomposition x 100 (eompare footnote to Seetion I,IV). 

Purification of the Methylamine HCI is in order now, so transfer all of the crude product to a 500mL flask and add either 250mL of absolute Ethanol (see end of FAQ for preparing this) or, ideally, n-Butyl Alcohol (see Footnote 4). Heat at reflux with a Calcium Chloride guard tube for 30 minutes. Allow the undissolved solids to settle (Ammonium Chloride) then decant the clear solution and cool quickly to precipitate out Methylamine HCI. Filter rapidly on the vacuum Buchner funnel and transfer crystals to a dessicator (see Footnote 3). Repeat the reflux-settle-cool-filter process four... 

Footnote 1 - The byproducts of the first step are Dimeth-oxymethane and Sodium Formate. 

Footnote 2 - The Methylamine solutions in all steps should be cooled rapidly to promote smaller crystal formation. 

Footnote 4 - The solubility of Ammonium Chloride in absolute Ethanol is 0.6g/100g at 15C. The solubility in n-Butyl Alcohol is neglible, even at its boiling point. If you use n-Butyl Alcohol, you will only need to perform 3 reflux/filter operations to obtain sufficiently pure Methylamine Hydrochloride. 

F.N. Tebbe (1978 [footnote 20]) and R.R. Schrock (1976) have shown that electrophilic titanium or tantalum ylides can alkylidenate the carbonyl group of esters. Vinyl ethers are obtained in high yields with Tebbe s reagent, p-chlorobis(ri -2,4-cyclopentadien-l-ylXdime-thylaluminum)- 4-methylenetitanium (S.H. Pine, 1980 A.G.M. Barrett, 1989). 

The higher reactivity of 2-halogenothiazoles with respect to halogenopyridines can be related to the different aromaticity of the two systems, less for thiazole than for pyridine, for example, the relatively stronger fixation of the tt bond in the thiazole than in the case of pyridine. As the data reported in Table V-1 (footnote a) indicates, the free thiophenol is more reactive than the thiolate anion toward the 2-halogenothiazoles. This fact should be considered when one prepares the thiazolyl sulfides. 

For the vibrational numbering scheme, see Chapter 4, footnote 4 (page 93). 

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