Foodstuff filling

The temperature resistance is sufficient to allow the hot filling of certain foodstuffs. 

The supercritical extraction of hops, tea, and other foodstuffs can be performed in similar plants. The challenge of the discontinuous extraction of bulk materials is in the design and automatic operation of high pressure extractors which can easily be opened and closed for the filling and discharging procedure. 

As can be seen from Table 1-2, which lists the diameters and volumes of several roughly spherical cells, there is a great variation in size. However, a diameter of 10-20 pm may be regarded as typical for both plants and animals. For growth of a large cell such as the ovum, many adjacent cells assist in synthesis of foodstuffs which are transferred to the developing egg cell. Plant cells are often large but usually 90% or more of the cell is filled with a vacuole or tonoplast,36 which is drawn unrealistically small in Fig. 1-6. The metabolically active protoplasm of plant cells often lies in a thin layer at their peripheries. 

With heterogeneous substances such as foodstuffs, many of which are filled suspensions of proteins, carbohydrates and triglycerides, it can be theorized that complex ionic interactions generating repulsive forces could occur and cause wall-slip. 

Materials and articles in contact with foodstuffs - Plastics - Part 8 Test methods for overall migration into olive oil by article filling... 

Council Directive of 15 October 1984 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to ceramic articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs (84/500/EC). Official Journal, Fill, 20/10/1984, 0012-0016. 

Derivative benzoates and parabenzoates have been used primarily in fruit juices, chocolate syrup, pie fillings, pickled vegetables, relishes, horseradish, and cheese (Barbosa-Canovas et al., 2003). Other foodstuffs where sodium benzoate is used include soft drinks, baked goods, and lollipops (Poulter, 2007). Benzaldehyde and benzoic alcohol are better known to be yeast inhibitors. Benzoic acid has been found to release fewer protons than sulphite, nitrite, or acetic acid and it may be speculated that benzoic acid is not a classic weak-acid preservative. However, due to a lower pKa value, benzoic acid releases three to four times more protons than sorbic acid. This is a sizable concentration of protons although not as much as other weak-acid preservatives (Stratford and Anslow, 1998). Inhibition of growth is strongly pH-dependent and most effective under acidic conditions. Under these conditions the protonated form of the acid is predominantly found (Visti, Viljakainen, and Laakso, 2003). Another unexpected discovery was that benzoic acid appears to be a pro-oxidant. This was unexpected as it is a well-known fact 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (or salicylic acid) acts as a scavenger of free radicals in vivo (Piper, 1999). 

Antimicrobial polymer coatings are intended for modification of packaging materials to inhibit spoilage of foodstuffs (bakery, confectionery, dairy, meat, fish, fruit and vegetables) [95], for which they are filled with antimicrobial components [96] such as ... 

The concentrations of both diffusants remain low and the results fit the theory for a constant diffusion coefficient of 5 x 10 m s for the fat, and 1 X 10 " m s for the antioxidant. Consequently, only certain nontoxic additives are permitted in polymers used as food containers. If a plastic container is reused with another foodstuff, constituents of the first foodstuff may diffuse back out of the polymer into the second foodstuff. This is noticeable if polyethylene beakers or bottles are filled with orange squash, then reused with water the water develops an orange flavour. 

The scant experimental data [Rajaiah et al., 1992] for suspensions ( < 0.3) of alumina (0.5-0.8 pm) particles in a paraffin hydrocarbon are in line with the predictions of equation (6.4). An exhaustive review of the thermal conductivity of structured media including polymer solutions, filled and unfilled polymer melts, suspensions and foodstuffs has been published by Dutta and Mashelkar [1987]. Figure 6.1 shows the predictions of equations (6.3) and (6.4) for a range of values of (ki/ks)-, the two predictions are fairly close, except for the limiting value of ki/ks = 0. 

This is a reflux-type extraction technique in which a solid sample is put in a thick, stiff paper thimble, in which solvent repeatedly fills and siphons. The analyte is exhaustively extracted, usually over a period of hours, without operator intervention. Soxhlet extraction was used in the TLC determination of the main alkaloid, tetrandrine, of Stephania tetrandra (methanol-5% cone, ammonia solvent) lipids from grain sorghum DDG (n-hexane solvent) "" and secondary amines from some Nigerian foodstuffs (petroleum ether, 60-90°C, solvent)." ... 

---