Tubular lamp

Power (of a UV lamp) Operating power of a tubular lamp is described in watts/inch (W/in) or watts per cm (W/cm). It is derived by simply dividing the electric power by the effective length of the lamp. 

T Tubular fluorescent lamp TC Tubular fluorescent compact lamp H High pressure HM High pressure mercury HI High pressure iodide HS High pressure sodium L Low pressure LS Low pressure sodium Q Quartz (halogen) lamp . T Tubular lamp . E Elliptical form (2) -D Double tube compact lamp -DE Double ended -L Long compact lamp -SE Self ballasted electronic -U U-shaped fluorescent lamp -Us U-shaped fluorescent lamp, short -EL Compact fluorescent lamp for external electronic ballast -with key letter T Tube diameter (in mm) (3) Lamp rated power (without ballast), in W. 

It has been shown that under some geometric restrictions that involve conditions in distances and dimensions of the complete experimental device that is, lamps, reflectors, and reactors, the radiation field produced by the tubular lamp, and the parabolic reflector can be modeled by a onedimensional representation (Alfano et al., 1986). These limitations were imposed on the equipment design of this work. Since is a function of the radiation-absorption species concentration, in this case. Equation (34) is coupled with Equation (32). 

Flaf plafe wifh recycle. Irradiafed from one wall wifh two tubular lamps and parabolic reflectors Photoreactor Vr = 734.4 cm ... 

Figures 22a, b provides a schematic representation of the pilot scale reactor. Essentially it is a rectangular parallelepiped limited by two parallel windows made of borosilicate glass and operated as a slurry reactor inside the loop of a batch recycling system. Irradiation of one of the reactor faces is obtained using two tubular lamps that were placed along the focal axis of two parabolic reflectors made of specularly finished aluminum (Brandi et al., 1996, 1999, 2002). The specific information concerning the experimental device is presented in Table 9, and more details can be found in Satuf et al. (2007b).

The tubular lamps are driven by 25-kHz to 30-kHz high-frequency voltage. This not only enables the light efficiency to be optimized, but also eliminates synchronization problems with the CCD camera. Fiuthermore, a light-proof hood and camera bellows can be used to exclude all extraneous hght from the system, enabling photographs to be taken even in a room that is not completely darkened. 

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Photoreactors 137 6.4 Emission by Tubular Lamps ... 

Two main types of models for tubular lamps (the most widely used) will be described. There are lamps that produce an arc that emits radiation and, consequently, photons come out directly from such an arc. Emission is made by the whole lamp volume. We call this process Voluminal Emission. There are other types of lamps in which the discharged arc between electrodes induces an emission produced by some particular substance that has been coated on the lamp surface. We call this process Superficial Emission. Voluminal emission may be safely modeled as an isotropic emission in this case the specific intensity associated with each bundle of radiation originated in some element of volume of the lamp is independent of direction, and the associated emitted energy (per unit time and unit area) is also isotropic (Figure 6.6). On the other hand, it seems that superficial emission can be better modeled by a diffuse type of emission that is also known as one that follows the Lambert s cosine law of emission in this case the emitted intensity is independent of direction but the emitted energy depends on the surface orientation and follows the cosine law equation (Figure 6.7). The following assumptions are made (Irazoqui etal., 1973) ... 

Limits of integration for the 3D emission models. When a lamp with superficial emission is used, according to equation 6.38, a constant value must be incorporated as a boundary condition. Conversely, when lamps with voluminal emission are used, according to equation 6.51, the boundary condition infioduces a function of x, 0, and . The limits of integration for the annular reactor with the tubular lamp were derived by Irazoqui etal. (1973) and systematically described by Cassano etal. (1995). They are... 

Reactor model. The reactor model was constructed according to the following sequence (i) the annular reactor, radiation distribution model of Romero etal. (1983) was adapted for this particular set-up (ii) the tubular lamp with voluminal and isotropic radiation emission model was applied to this system (iii) a mass balance for an actinometric reaction carried out in a tubular reactor inside the loop of a recycling system was adapted from Martin etal. (1996) and (iv) the verification of the radiation model, actinometer experiments were performed in the reactor to compare theoretical predictions... 

With an emission model for the tubular lamp and the parabolic reflector (Alfano etal, 1985, 1986a,b). It takes into account both direct and reflected radiation. These intensities can then be transformed into fluxes and both contributions added at the external reactor wall. They were averaged over the surface of the window, affected by the experimentally measured wall transmission coefficient and transformed into direction-independent intensities according to... 

Key technologies that are used in modern lighting include electronic ballasts, more efficient tubular fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, and lighting controls. Fluorescent lighting is the predominant lighting system installed in post-1980 buildings and is used in 71 percent of floor space. Specialty retail stores use a combination of fluorescent and... 

B. 2-Phenylthio-5-heptanol. A photochemical reactor consisting of a tubular pyrex flask, a magnetic stirbar, a water-cooled high pressure mercury lamp, and an argon inlet tube (Note 9) is charged with... 

The experiments on the iodine separation were conducted as follows. A tubular vessel of pyrex glass, having at one end a plane window and at the other end a conical light-trap, was evacuated and then filled with iodine at about 0.17 mm. pressure, and then with hexene at about 6 mm. partial pressure. The tube was then subjected to the intense light from two Cooper-Hewitt glass mercury arcs, using a filter of 0.05 molal potassium dichromate 2 cm. in thickness to cut off all radiations on the violet side of the green mercury line. The lamps were rim at considerably below the rated capacity, and were cooled by a blast of air to keep the emission lines as narrow as possible. 

Xenon lamps are available mainly as tubular and point source bulbs. The radiation produced by this type of lamps is not particularly rich at wavelengths below 400 nm, and therefore their applications are somewhat limited. However, it is possible to pulse xenon lamps, which enables them to achieve high peak irradiances. Commercially available pulsed xenon lamps are available with emissions in the UV and visible spectral range. Alternating the gas fill can produce output rich in UV. 

The reaction apparatus (Figure 1) requires a tubular quartz flask with two side arms and a large ground-glass joint at the top to accommodate the water-cooled UV lamp. 

In actual practice, any tubular light source will have a finite diameter and will not behave as a true line source. Radiation from an extended light source will emanate from points displaced from the lamp s axis, causing the lamp to appear rather like a diffuse light source. In addition, imperfections in the... 

A typical UV/H202 plant consists of three major components (1) stainless steel, titanium, or PVDF UV reactor (2) electrical supply and UV lamp controller and (3) dosage equipment to add H202. Usually, the contaminated water is run continuously through a tubular UV reactor that contains a UV... 

Luminaire for tubular fluorescent lamps, increased safety, encapsulated series reactor, flameproof power factor capacitor ... 

For application in increased safety - e tubular fluorescent lamps shall be of the cold starting type fitted with single-pin caps (type Fa 6 according to IEC 60061-1). These lamps do not need a starter... 

Tubular fluorescent lamps in e shall be fitted with single-pin caps (type Fa 6 according to IEC 60061-1). 

Tubular fluorescent lamps are subject to an aging effect, i.e. the lamp shows a behaviour like a rectifier. 

Figure 6.61 Luminaire in increased safety - e -. One or two tubular fluorescent lamps with Fa 6 sockets (single-pin cap).

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