Fluorescent in situ hybridization FISH analysis

The answer is c. (Murray, pp 812-828. Scriver, pp 3-45. Sack, pp 57-76. Wilson, pp 123-149.) Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis is a technique in which molecular probes that are specific for individual chromosomes or chromosomal regions are used to identify these regions. FISH probes frequently identify chromosomal regions that are submicro-scopic and therefore may be useful when standard karyotypic analysis is normal. In this case, the fact that only one signal is present, despite the fact that there are two number 22 chromosomes, indicates that a submicro-scopic deletion has occurred. The parental chromosome of origin cannot be determined using this technique unless that parent also carries a similar deletion and his or her chromosomes are evaluated. 

Recently, the use of AR has extended into several other areas, yielding interesting information for cytology, fresh cell/tissue sections, and fluorescence IHC (fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]), in addition to adaptations of the method for extraction of nucleic acids and proteins from FFPE tissues for use with modern methods of molecular analysis. In this chapter, the emphasis is on expanded applications in diagnostic cytology, fresh frozen cell/... 

As noted above, sophisticated techniques are available for the analysis of mutations at the gene and chromosomal level. Such analysis can be used to define the mechanisms of formation of specific human tumors. In addition, it can be used for the development of informative bioindicators of a tumor response. These include ligation-based PCR technique and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) that can be used in conjunction with clones that cover limited genomic regions to identify specific chromosomal breakpoints (Preston, 2005a). 

Different types of analyses for the detection of micronuclei originating from structural or numerical aberrations are used light microscopy, semiautomated imaging systems, and flow cytometry (FACS analysis) [66, 67], Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with specific probes (e.g., centromeric probes) can also be used to examine nondisjunctions. Depending on the methodology, specific features of the damage can be characterized and mechanisms of action addressed. 

Meyer PN, Cao Y, Jacobson K, et al. Chromosome 1 analysis in chromophobe renal cell carcinomas with tissue microarray (TMA)-facilitated fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrates loss of lp/1 which is also present in renal oncocytomas. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2008 17 141. 

Studies for DNA ploidy, including computer-assisted image analysis of Feulgen stains, and cytogenetics, including fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), have... 

Strategies to experimentally detect translocations are impoilant because of the numerous cases of genes in leukemia-associated translocations. Such methods include Southeni blot analysis, which is not as sensitive as PCR, karyotype analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with specific probes. Revei se transcriptase (RT)-PCR with gene-specific primers detects only a fraction of translocations because there are no primers available for many of the genes involved. 

Xufre, A., Albergaria, H., Inacio, J., Spencer-Martins, I., Girio, F. (2006). Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to the analysis of yeast population dynamics in winery and laboratory grape must fermentations. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 108, 376-384. 

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