Fluorescence and Electron microscopy

Panyam, J., Sahoo, S.K., Prabha, S., Bargar, T., Labhasetwar, V., Fluorescence and electron microscopy probes for cellular and tissue uptake of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 262, 1-11 (2003). 

All of the previous studies with cell suspension cultures of C. roseus have led to the conclusion that not all of the cells in suspension produce alkaloids, i.e., that some differentiation occurs. Neumann and co-workers at Halle 149) used fluorescence and electron microscopy to show that, like the intact plants, indole alkaloid accumulation occurs in the vacuoles of particular cells. Yet there appears to be no ultrastructural difference between these cells and those which do not produce alkaloids. It had been suggested earlier that basic alkaloids were accumulated by some kind of ion trap mechanism in acidic vacuoles (750). Indeed, a substantial pH difference was observed between those vacuoles which do accumulate alkaloids (pH 3) and those which do not (pH 5). It was concluded that the tonoplast of the alkaloid cells seemed to be highly permeable to the neutral form of the alkaloids, but only slightly permeable to the protonated forms. Cell lines which did not exhibit a difference in their vacuolar pH did not accumulate alkaloids. 

Takizawa, T. and Robinson, J. M. (2000) FluoroNanogold is a bifunctional immunoprobe for correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 48, 481-486. 

In addition to UV microscopy, there are other microscopic techniques for investigating the topochemistry of lignin in wood. These methods include fluorescence and electron microscopy The combination of these techniques with UV microscopy should give the best results However, when a composite technique is employed, precautions must be taken. For example, in measurements of lignin concentration by bromination/UV microscopy, a correction factor is needed to account for the difference in the reactivities of middle lamella and secondary wall lignins toward bromine (Saka et al, 1982) (see Chap, 4.4). 

ReAsH-mediated Photoconversion of Diaminobenzidine for Correlated Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy (EM)... 

Fig. 8.1-5 Correlated fluorescence and electron microscopy of ReAsH-labeled connexin43-tetracysteine in HeLa cells, (a) Fluorescence confocal image of a gap junction plaque after FlAsH (green) and...

The glandular tissue of the buds of Fopulus produces and secretes flavonoid aglycons, Eole and Interrelation of organelles in the process of secretion have been investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy. 

Figure 13 Dual label for fluorescence and electron microscopy. The label only works if the distance between fluotophore and gold nanopaiticle is suffidently huge such that the fhiorophore is not totally quenched. It is advantageous to use an antibody as spacer.

A human in vitro model has been used for this study. The interaction between metal surfaces or metal ions and immune cells or bone cells was investigated. Cell culture, immune fluorescence and electron microscopy, functional tests, flow cy-tometry and molecular methods were applied. 

Robinson JM, Takizawa T (2009) Correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy in tissues immunocytochemistry. J Microsc 235 259-272... 

NPQ (Rakhimberdieva et al. 2004) exactly matches the absorption spectrum of the carotenoid, 3 -hydrox yech i nenone (Polivka et al. 2005) in the OCP. The OCP is now known to be specifically involved in the phycobilisome-associated NPQ and not in other mechanisms affecting the levels of fluorescence such as state transitions or D1 damage (Wilson et al. 2006). Studies by immunogold labeling and electron microscopy showed that most of the OCP is present in the interthylakoid cytoplasmic region, on the phycobilisome side of the membrane, Figure 1.2 (Wilson et al. 2006). The existence of an interaction between the OCP and the phycobilisomes and thylakoids was supported by the co-isolation of the OCP with the phycobilisome-associated membrane fraction (Wilson et al. 2006, 2007). 

An unusually extensive battery of experimental techniques was brought to bear on these comparisons of enantiomers with their racemic mixtures and of diastereomers with each other. A very sensitive Langmuir trough was constructed for the project, with temperature control from 15 to 40°C. In addition to the familiar force/area isotherms, which were used to compare all systems, measurements of surface potentials, surface shear viscosities, and dynamic suface tensions (for hysteresis only) were made on several systems with specially designed apparatus. Several microscopic techniques, epi-fluorescence optical microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and electron microscopy, were applied to films of stearoylserine methyl ester, the most extensively investigated surfactant. 

Direct analysis 7.1 XRD, XRF, infrared spectroscopy (NIR and MIR), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), advanced spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation, neutron activation, fluorescence, and visible and electron microscopy... 

Membrane filters are particularly useful when surface analytical techniques, such as optical and electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence analysis, are to be used subsequent to collection, because most of the particles remain on the surface of the filter. 

Optical and electron microscopy provide information about crystal reactions at a more macroscopic level. They are particularly good at revealing when reaction is favored near pre-existing lattice defects rather than occurring uniformly through the bulk of the crystal. Sometimes reaction products can be observed directly other times their presence is revealed by chemical etching, fluorescence, or the development of lattice strain [39]. 

The evaluation of coal mineral matter by the ashing technique can be taken further insofar as attempts can then be made to determine the individual metal constituents of the ash. On the occasion when the mineral matter has been separated from the coal successfully, it is then possible to apply any one of several techniques (such as x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis) not only to investigate the major metallic elements in coal but also to investigate directly the nature (and amount) of the trace elements in the coal (Jenkins and Walker, 1978 Prather et al., 1979 Raymond and Gooley, 1979 Russell and Rimmer, 1979 Jones et al., 1992). Generally, no single method yields a complete analysis of the mineral matter in coal and it is often necessary to employ a combination of methods. 

Powell, R. D., Halsey, C. M. R., and Hainfeld, J. F. (1998) Combined fluorescent and gold immunoprobes reagents and methods for correlative light and electron microscopy. Microsc. Res. Techn. 42,2-12. 

Other methods of imaging fat crystals and fat crystal networks (not all of them optical) include confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, multiple photon microscopy, atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy (Narine and Marangoni, 1999). 

X-ray fluorescence and electron diffraction (during electron microscopy) can determine particle composition and structure. 

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