Fluid cracking catalysts acidity

Prior to 1938, gasoline was obtained from thermal-cracking plants then the Houdry fixed-bed catalytic cracking process led to the development of a fluidized-bed process by Standard Oil for the catalytic production of motor fuels (4-8). Acid-treated clays of the montmorilIonite type were the first fluid-cracking catalysts widely employed by the industry. However, the ever greater demand for aviation fuels during the 1939-1945 period prompted the search for more active and selective catalysts. Research on novel catalyst... 

Acidity of the Main Components in Fluid Cracking Catalysts (FCC)... 

Sodium on fluid cracking catalyst, FCC, comes from the raw materials used in the catalyst manufacturing process as well as salt contamination in the feedstock. Sodium can deactivate cracking catalysts by poisoning the acid sites on the matrix and zeolite and by promoting sintering of silica-alumina (1). Sodium can act synergistically with vanadium to accelerate the destruction of zeolite (2). 

Influence of Dealumination on H-Y Zeolites. . . Acidity in Fluid Cracking Catalysts (FCCs). . . . ... 

Tsai, T.C., Kung, H.Y., Yu, S.T. and Chen, C.T., "Effects of acid strength of fluid cracking catalysts on resid cracking operation". Applied Catalysis, 50, 1-13 (1989). 

J. Shen, A. Auroux, The determination of acidity in fluid cracking catalysts (FCCs) from adsorption microcalorimetry of probe molecules, in Proceedings of International Symposium on Fluid Catalytic Cracking VI, Preparation and Characterization of Catalysts, New York, 7-11 September 2003, eds. by M. Occelli, p. 35. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, vol. 

A mixture of monolauryl phosphate sodium salt and triethylamine in H20 was treated with glycidol at 80°C for 8 h to give 98% lauryl 2,3-dihydro-xypropyl phosphate sodium salt [304]. Dyeing aids for polyester fibers exist of triethanolamine salts of ethoxylated phenol-styrene adduct phosphate esters [294], Fatty ethanolamide phosphate surfactant are obtained from the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty ethanolamides with phosphorus pentoxide and neutralization of the product [295]. A double bond in the alkyl group of phosphoric acid esters alter the properties of the molecule. Diethylethanolamine salt of oleyl phosphate is effectively used as a dispersant for antimony oxide in a mixture of xylene-type solvent and water. The composition is useful as an additive for preventing functional deterioration of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts for heavy petroleum fractions. When it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 month it shows almost no precipitation [241]. 

The first cracking catalysts were acid-leached montmorillonite clays. The acid leach was to remove various metal impurities, principally iron, copper, and nickel, that could exert adverse effects on the cracking performance of a catalyst. The catalysts were first used in fixed- and moving-bed reactor systems in the form of shaped pellets. Later, with the development of the fluid catalytic cracking process, clay catalysts were made in the form of a ground, sized powder. Clay catalysts are relatively inexpensive and have been used extensively for many years. 

Catalytic cracking is a process that is currently performed exclusively over fluidized catalyst beds. The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process was introduced in 1942 and at that time replaced the conventional moving bed processes. These early processes were based on acid-treated clays as acidic catalysts. The replacement of the amorphous aluminosilicate catalysts by Faujasite-type zeolites in the early-1960s is regarded as a major improvement in FCC performance. The new acidic catalysts had a remarkable activity and produced substantially higher yields than the old ones. 

Fluid catalytic cracking over an acid catalyst converts residual hydrocarbons from the vacuum gas oil fraction into valuable olefins, gasoline, and diesel products. The catalytic cracking proceeds... 

The modem gasolines are produced by blending products from cmde oil distillation, that is, fluid catalytic cracking, hydrocraking, reforming, coking, polymerization, isomerization, and alkylation.Two clear examples of the possible use of solid-acid catalysts in refining processes are the isomerization of lineal alkanes and the alkylation of isobutene with butanes. In both these cases, and due to the octane... 

The processes described below are the evolutionary offspring of the fluid catalytic cracking and the residuum catalytic cracking processes. Some of these newer processes use catalysts with different silica/alumina ratios as acid support of metals such as Mo, Co, Ni, and W. In general the first catalyst used to remove... 

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