Flow-injection analysis applications

Tecator Ltd. (1985) Determination of Aluminium in Soil by Flow Injection Analysis, Application Note ASN 78-31/85, Tecator Ltd., Bristol, UK. 

Tecator Ltd. (1983) Determination of Nitrate and Ammonia in Soil Samples, Extractable with 2 M Potassium Chloride Application Note AN65/83 (1983) and Determination of Nitrate in Soil Samples, Extractable with 2 M Potassium Chloride using, Flow Injection Analysis, Application Note AN65-31/83, Tecator Ltd., Hoganes, Sweden. 

Source Adapted from Valcarcel, M. tuque de Castro, M. D. Flow-Injection Analysis Principles and Applications. Ellis Norwood Chichester, England, 1987. 

Flow injection analysis has also found numerous applications in the analysis of clinical samples, using both enzymatic and nonenzymatic methods. A list of selected examples is given in Table 13.3. 

The following experiments may he used to illustrate the application of kinetic methods of analysis. Experiments are divided into two groups those based on chemical kinetics and those using flow injection analysis. Each suggested experiment includes a brief description. 

The following set of experiments provide examples of the application of flow injection analysis or the characterization of the behavior of a flow injection analysis system. 

The following resources provide additional information on the theory and application of flow injection analysis. 

The ion pair extraction by flow injection analysis (FIA) has been used to analyze sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl ether (3 EO) sulfate among other anionic surfactants. The solvating agent was methanol and the phase-separating system was designed with a PTFE porous membrane permeable to chloroform but impermeable to the aqueous solution. The method is applicable to concentrations up to 1.25 mM with a detection limit of 15 pM [304]. 

The 1/16" x 0.02" i.d. transfer line also functioned as a sample dilution device in other applications, a stainless steel column packed with glass beads has been found to be useful for dilution. This simple dynamic dilution technique has been used extensively in flow injection analysis.3 A refractive index detector is typically used to measure the sample transfer time. As shown in Figure 4, approximately 5 minutes is required to transfer the sample plug to the Rheodyne valve. As the apex of the sample band passes though the Rheodyne valve, the valve is activated and 1 pi injected onto the liquid chromatographic column. The sample transfer time was checked periodically over 1 year of operation and found to be stable. 

A new cholesterol flow injection analysis biosensor has also been described as an application of the H2O2 ECL sensor56. In that work, the luminol electrochemiluminescence, previously studied in aqueous media, was implemented in Veronal buffer added of 0.3% triton X-100 (v/v), 0.3% PEG and 0.4% cholate to enable the solubilisation of the cholesterol and then its efficient oxidation catalyzed by the immobilized cholesterol oxidase. The ECL reaction occurred thus in a micellar medium and the performances of the H2O2 ECL sensor were investigated. 

Atienza et al. [657] reviewed the applications of flow injection analysis coupled to spectrophotometry in the analysis of seawater. The method is based on the differing reaction rates of the metal complexes with 1,2-diaminocycl-ohexane-N, N, N, A/Metra-acetate at 25 °C. A slight excess of EDTA is added to the sample solution, the pH is adjusted to ensure complete formation of the complexes, and a large excess of 0.3 mM to 6 mM-Pb2+ in 0.5 M sodium acetate is then added. The rate of appearance of the Pbn-EDTA complex is followed spectrophotometrically, 3 to 6 stopped-flow reactions being run in succession. Because each of the alkaline-earth-metal complexes reacts at a different rate, variations of the time-scan indicates which ions are present. 

Worsfold et al. [960] have discussed the application of flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection for the shipboard monitoring of trace metals. 

The flow-cell design was introduced by Stieg and Nieman [166] in 1978 for analytical uses of CL. Burguera and Townshend [167] used the CL emission produced by the oxidation of alkylamines by benzoyl peroxide to determine aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines in chloroform or acetone. They tested various coiled flow cells for monitoring the CL emission produced by the cobalt-catalyzed oxidation of luminol by hydrogen peroxide and the fluorescein-sensitized oxidation of sulfide by sodium hypochlorite [168], Rule and Seitz [169] reported one of the first applications of flow injection analysis (FTA) in the CL detection of peroxide with luminol in the presence of a copper ion catalyst. They... 

M Valcarcel, MD Luque de Castro. Flow-Injection Analysis, Principles and Applications. 1st ed. Chichester Ellis Horwood, 1987, pp. 40-98. 

Flow injection analysis is a fast-developing technique with many potentialities. Particular attractions are the relative simplicity of operation and automation, together with sample throughputs which may exceed 100 per hour. Thus routine monitoring of process streams and pollution control are obvious areas for application. 

Tecator Ltd., Sweden. (1984) Application Note No. ASN 73-31/84. Determination of Extractable Phosphorus in Soil by Flow Injection Analysis. 

There has been significant advancement in the applications of NMR to the development of small-molecule pharmaceutical products. For example, advances in NMR automation (e.g., flow-injection analysis) and directly coupled methods (e.g., LC-MS-NMR analysis) have made analysis and characterization of small-molecule drugs much easier.23 25 These improvements have helped chemists to develop and characterize small-molecule combinatorial libraries and to screen for active compounds.4 6 It is likely some of these techniques can also be used in biopharmaceutical product development. 

M. Trojanowicz, Flow Injection Analysis Instrumentation and Applications, World Scientific Publishing Co. Inc., Hackensack, 2000. 

As already discnssed, intrinsic LIF bioreactor monitoring is the most common application within biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Other extrinsic PAT LIF methods are also possible for biopharmacenticals snch as varions flnorescence immunoassays facilitated by flow injection analysis " or other real-time approaches. As PAT begins to emerge within biopharmaceuticals the wider used of sensitive and precise in-line intrinsic and extrinsic approaches such as optodes and at-line extrinsic methods is likely to occnr. ... 

Valcarcel, M. and Luque de Castro, M.D., Flow Injection Analysis—Principles and Applications, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK, 1987. 

M. VALCARCEL and M.D. LUQUE DE CASTRO "Flow Injection Analysis. Principles and Applications". Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1987. 

Chung H-K, Bellamy H S, Dasgupta P K (1992) Determination of Aqueous Ozone for potable Water Treatment Application by Chemiluminescence Flow- Injection Analysis. A Feasibility Study, Talanta 39 593-598. 

Another recent development is the advent of pulse amperometry in which the potential is repeatedly pulsed between two (or more) values. The current at each potential or the difference between these two currents ( differential pulse amperometry ) can be used to advantage for a number of applications. Similar advantages can result from the simultaneous monitoring of two (or more) electrodes poised at different potentials. In the remainder of this chapter it will be shown how the basic concepts of amperometry can be applied to various liquid chromatography detectors. There is not one universal electrochemical detector for liquid chromatography, but, rather, a family of different devices that have advantages for particular applications. Electrochemical detection has also been employed with flow injection analysis (where there is no chromatographic separation), in capillary electrophoresis, and in continuous-flow sensors. 

Immunosensors promise to become principal players in chemical, diagnostic, and environmental analyses by the latter 1990s. Given the practical limits of immunosensors (low ppb or ng/mL to mid-pptr or pg/mL) and their portability, the primary application is expected to be as rapid screening devices in noncentralized clinical laboratories, in intensive care facilities, and as bedside monitors, in physicians offices, and in environmental and industrial settings (49—52). Industrial applications for immunosensors will also include use as the basis for automated on-line or flow-injection analysis systems to analyze and control pharmaceutical, food, and chemical processing lines (53). Immunosensors are not expected to replace laboratory-based immunoassays, but to open up new applications for immunoassay-based technology. 

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