Flocculate insoluble

Syrup Clarification. In some factories, a process known as syrup clarification is used to produce a higher-quality raw sugar and better yield. Evaporator syrup is treated with phosphoric acid, lime, and a polymer flocculent insoluble impurities are floated to the surface of the syrup with aeration and removed by skimming. The clarified syrup goes to the vacuum pan for crystallization. Syrup clarification reduces the color and turbidity of the sugar produced, and can also be used in conjunction with sulfitation to produce an off-white, edible sugar.30... 

The flocculated insoluble vivianite, which forms is removed by subsequent settling. 

In the polyelectrolyte precipitation of protein, an important but less-studied polyelectrolyte parameter is molecular weight. In non-protein systems, the effect of polymer molecular weight on ffocculation has been studied, but these results do not address the precipitation mechanism because, for flocculation, insoluble particles are already present. Observations directly from protein precipitation are that precipitation yields are higher with larger molecular weight polymers [4] and that the binding of poly(acrylic acid) with bovine serum albumin [5] and chymotrypsin [6] increases with PAA molecular weight. 

The principal calcium salt used as a flocculant is calcium hydroxide [1305-62-0] or lime. It has been used in water treatment for centuries (see Calcium compounds). Newer products are more effective, and its use in water and effluent treatment is declining (10). It is still used as a pH modifier and to precipitate metals as insoluble hydroxides. Lime is also sometimes used in combination with polymeric flocculants. 

Under alkaline BW conditions, if magnesium bicarbonate is not removed by softening or other pretreatment processes, it forms brucite, an insoluble flocculant sludge of magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2],... 

In practice, aeration towers using coke or volcanic lava tend not to be as efficient as spray ponds in facilitating the precipitation of ferrous hydroxide consequently, there is usually a requirement for a cationic flocculant to aid the precipitation of the insoluble materials into a larger floe or denser sludge that can be removed by clarification or sand filtration. 

An improved suspension has been developed, which controls the flocculation of the insoluble active ingredient particles, such that they will remain sub-... 

Air bubbles becoming physically trapped in the insoluble solids original or flocculated structure... 

Air bubbles being chemically adsorbed to the insoluble solids in their original form or their flocculated structure... 

B. Benzofurazan oxide. A mixture of 21 g. (0.32 mole) of potassium hydroxide and 250 ml. of 95% ethanol in a 1-1. Erlenmeyer flask is heated on a steam bath until the solid dissolves (Note 1). o-Nitro-aniline (40 g., 0.29 mole) (Note 2) is dissolved in the warm alkali solution. The resulting deep red solution is then cooled to 0°, and the sodium hypochlorite solution from part A is added slowly with good stirring over the course of 10 minutes (Note 3). The flocculent yellow precipitate is collected on a large Buchner funnel, washed with 200 ml. of water, and air-dried. The crude product weighs 36.0-36.5 g. and melts at 66-71° (Note 4). The product is purified by recrystallization from a solution made up from 45 ml. of 95% ethanol and 15 ml. of water. Material insoluble in the hot solvent is removed by filtration, and the hot filtrate is allowed to cool to room temperature. The yield of yellow benzofurazan oxide is 31.6-32.5 g. (80-82%), m.p. 72-73°. 

ACTIFLOW A process for treating raw water. Flocculation of insoluble matter by the addition of a polyelectrolyte takes place within an agitated bed of fine sand. Developed in France by OTV and licensed in the UK through General Water Processes. 

Metallic ions in soluble form are commonly removed from wastewater by conversion to an insoluble form followed by separation processes such as flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Chemicals such as lime, caustic soda, sulfides, and ferrous or ferric compounds have been used for metals separation. Polymer is usually added to aid in flocculation and sedimentation. 

Addition of fuel oil no. 2 to a laboratory marine ecosystem showed that the insoluble, saturated hydrocarbons in the oil were slowly transported to the sediment on suspended particulate material. The particulate material contained 40-50% of the total amount of aliphatics added to the system and only 3-21% of the aromatic fraction (Oviatt et al. 1982). This indicates that most aromatic hydrocarbons are dissolved in the water (Coleman et al. 1984), whereas the aliphatic hydrocarbons are not (Gearing et al. 1980 Oviatt et al. 1982). In a similar experiment, when fuel oil no. 2 was added continuously to a marine ecosystem for 24 weeks, oil concentrations in the sediment remained low until 135 days after the additions began, but then increased dramatically to levels that were 9% of the total fuel oil added (108 g/tank) and 12% of the total fuel oil saturated hydrocarbons. The fuel oil concentrations in the sediment began to decrease quite rapidly after the maximum levels were reached. The highest sediment concentrations of saturated hydrocarbons (106-527 g/g) were found in the surface flocculent layer, with concentrations decreasing with sediment depth from 22 g/g to not detectable at 2-3 cm below the sediment surface. 

Phosphate removal processes from wastewater have been studied by many workers, in order to protect stagnant water area, such as lakes and coastal region from eutrophication. Among conventional phosphate removal processes, the representative one was flocculation and sedimentation process, which was based on precipitation of insoluble metal phosphate or hydroxide. However, the main problem with this process, is to produce large amounts of sludge, which is difficult to dehydrate. 

Paraffins can agglomerate and crystallize onto asphaltenes. Under high-shear or high-temperature conditions these asphaltenes will tend to coalesce and deposit onto pump parts and other moving components. Also, if blended with other oils, asphaltenes may flocculate and become insoluble in the mixture. 

Cellulose derivatives Microcrystalline cellulose (and derivatives such as CMC) Nonionic 1-5 Insoluble in water 5-7 Plastic/ thixotropic Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Small amounts of electrolyte, cationic polymers and surfactants may flocculate MCC... 

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