Flickers

Semiconductor devices ate affected by three kinds of noise. Thermal or Johnson noise is a consequence of the equihbtium between a resistance and its surrounding radiation field. It results in a mean-square noise voltage which is proportional to resistance and temperature. Shot noise, which is the principal noise component in most semiconductor devices, is caused by the random passage of individual electrons through a semiconductor junction. Thermal and shot noise ate both called white noise since their noise power is frequency-independent at low and intermediate frequencies. This is unlike flicker or ///noise which is most troublesome at lower frequencies because its noise power is approximately proportional to /// In MOSFETs there is a strong correlation between ///noise and the charging and discharging of surface states or traps. Nevertheless, the universal nature of ///noise in various materials and at phase transitions is not well understood. 

Fig. 5. (a) Hydrogen-bonded open tetrahedral stmcture of ice (4) (b) Frank-Wen flickering cluster model of Hquid water (5). 

Reduced-Voltage Starting Reduced-voltage starting is used to reduce system voltage dip. Voltage dips must be limited otherwise, they may drop other motors off the line, cause synchronous motors on the system to pull out of step, or cause objectionable lamp flicker. 

This is a better method, for it can compare both frequency and phase displacement of the two voltages, as 4/ would also result in E. and is reflected by the flickering of the lamps. If the frequencies /, and /(, are not equal, the lamps will flicker at the rale Af, i.e. (J - fD limes per... 

Flachzange, /. tongs with flat jaws, flat pliers, fiackerig, a. flaring, flickering, flashing, fiackern, v.i. flare, flicker, flash. 

Flaser,/. curl, speckle, streak flaw, flaseng, a. curled, speckled, streaked, Flattermine, /, (Mil.) land mine, contact mine, flattern, v.t. flutter, flicker float, wave dangle be flighty. 

Flimmer, m. glitter glimmer, flicker tinsel, spangle mica. 

Intermlttency Manneville [mann80] showed that for the special case of a generic intermittency threshold in which the tangent point lies at the endpoint of the interval (in the case of a one dimensional iterative map of an interval to itself), the resulting chaotic dynamics has a power spectrum S f) 1/ (/(log/) ) for low /. Miracky, et. al. were able to modify the map to obtain an exact 1// behavior [mirack87]. Because the result depends on the fine-tuning of an external parameter, however, it does not so mucdi explain the generic appearance of flicker noise phenomena as beg the obvious question, why do systems typically sit at whatever... 

A composition for producing flickering signals was recently patented (Ref 126) which employs ingredients similar to those listed in Table 13 New Technology... 

Because all three bonds are identical, a better model of the nitrate ion is a blend of all three Lewis structures with each bond intermediate in properties between a single and a double bond. This blending of structures, which is called resonance, is depicted in (9) by double-headed arrows. The blended structure is a resonance hybrid of the contributing Lewis structures. A molecule does not flicker between different structures a resonance hybrid is a blend of structures, just as a mule is a blend of a horse and a donkey, not a creature that flickers between the two. 

FIGURE 5.5 The rapid fluctuations in the electron distribution in two neighboring molecules result in two instantaneous electric dipole moments that attract each other. The fluctuations flicker into different positions, but each new arrangement in one molecule induces an arrangement in the other that results in mutual attraction. 

Jee will fluctuate because of diffusion and tumbling of the radicals in the radical pair. Several workers (Herring and Flicker, 1964 Murrell and Teixeira-Dias, 1970 Hirota and Weissman, 1967 Ferruti et al., 1970) have studied the fluctuation of Jee with distance between the... 

FLICKER Ralf Lund (Sweden) ralf astro.lu.se... 

In flame photometry, signal drift and lamp flicker require that one or a few unknowns be bracketed by calibrations. Here, independent measurements on the same solutions means repeating the whole calibration and measurement cycle. 

Buckmaster, J. and Peters, N., The infinite candle and its stability—a paradigm for flickering diffusion flames, Proc. Combust. Inst., 21, 1829, 1988. 

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