Flat pricing

Therefore, adding the accrued interest to the clean or flat price including the inflation adjustment we obtain the full or invoice price. The invoice price is given by Equation (6.24) ... 

When it comes to natural gas and electricity purchasing, the plant could face contract management issues and better contract management could save millions of dollars per year. This is because the plant could set up a contract with a choice of a fixed amount with a flat cost or a tied structure with different prices. For a tied stmcture, the base amount is fixed with a flat price while additional amounts can be provided with price(s) higher than the base price. With better forecasting, the plant wdl predict the amount of deficit in fuel and electricity and make the purchase contract well in advance. This could dramatically reduce purchasing costs depending on the contract terms. 

Example On June 8, 1992, a 10 percent coupon bond with a quoted yield of 6 percent is purchased. This bond makes interest payments on March 15 and September 15 and matures on September 15, 1993. What is the quoted price (add-interest price) and the actual price (flat price) for this bond ... 

This is the flat price or the price that the investor actually has to pay. 

The flat price may also be calculated as a one-step process ... 

Step 6. The flat price, or actual payment required at delivery, is equal to the quoted price plus accrued interest. 

This itidusti y method calculates the flat price of the bond. The steps are as follows ... 

Step 3. The flat price is equal to the price at the last coupon date plus the applicable interest that results in the current yield of 12 percent. 

Step 4. The quoted price is equal to the flat price minus the amount of accrued interest. 

Minimills and other EAF plants ate expanding iato flat-roUed steel products which, by some estimates, requite 50—75% low residual scrap or alternative raw material. Up to 16 million t of new capacity are expected to be added ia the United States between 1994 and 2000 (18). Developments ia other parts of the world also impact scrap use and supply. Possible scrap deficiencies of several million tons have been projected for EAFs ia East Asia and ia parts of Europe. This puts additional strains on the total scrap supply, particularly low residual scrap (19,20). The question of adequate supply of low residual scrap is always a controversial one. Some analysts see serious global shortages ia the first decade of the twenty-first century others are convinced that the scrap iadustry has the capabiUty to produce scrap ia the quantities and quaUty to meet foreseeable demand. This uncertainty ia combination with high scrap prices has led to iacreased use of scrap alternatives where the latter is price competitive with premium scrap. Use of pig iroa has iacreased ia EAF plants and mote capacity is being iastaHed for DRI and HBI outside the United States. 

The U.S. chemical industry achieved an annual reduction of 4.2% in energy input per unit of output for the period 1975—1985 (2). This higher reduction resulted from cost optimization, the tradeoff of increased capital for reduced energy use, that was driven by energy prices (4). In contrast, from 1985 to 1990, the energy input per unit of output has been almost flat (2) as a consequence of falling prices. The average price the U.S. chemical industry paid for natural gas fell by one-third between 1985 and 1988 (1,5). 

Consequently, mirror optics are more common, in particular in the mid-IR. The mirrors used are usually aluminium- or gold-coated flat or curved substrates. While near-IR mirrors are usually protected by thin SiO-layers, in the mid-IR unprotected mirrors have to be used. Disadvantages of mirror optics are the elevated space consumption and the higher prices in comparison to refractive optics, especially comparing non-standard mirrors against non-standard lens. In total, mirror optics are so preferable to fibres and refractive optics, at least in the mid-IR, that in some technical applications they are used to replace waveguides to transport IR radiation between source, sensor head and spectrometer. 

There is strong international competition in the area of domestic appliances, partly due to market saturation for many household appliances, as described in Chapter 2. The number of newly built houses and flats, the growing age of the population and the trend towards an increasing number of single households are major influencing factors for buying decisions of domestic appliances. Especially in Europe, it is not only the price that determines buying decisions, but also benefit to customers and their social environment need to be taken into account. Many trends in the technical improvement of household appliances were consumer-driven. In Europe in particular, customers wanted ... 

This can certainly be done, e.g., by using a rotating disk electrode, or by using ultramicroelectrodes (Section 7) one can increase iL several hundred times compared with its value at a flat plate in a still solution. However, every technique comes with a price tag, which may not only be a dollar one. Thus, if one uses ultramicroelectrodes to give a high iL, one has to recall that the currents there are tiny (picoamperes) and... 

The cost curve is fairly flat, with a minimum at d = 0.50 ft, corresponding to 1.25 in. thickness of insulation. Some trials are shown with the computer program. A more detailed analysis of insulation optima is made by Happel and Jordan Chem. Process Econ., 380 (1975)], although their prices are dated. Section 8.12 also discusses insulation. 

Tariffs are import taxes levied at the border. They generally have two purposes protecting local industry and providing revenues for the government. Especially for less developed countries, tariffs are an important source of tax income. Tariffs can take different forms. Specific tariffs are flat rates on particular products (e.g., 200 EUR per ton). Variable tariffs take account of changes between domestic and world market prices (e.g., agricultural tariffs in the European Union). The most common form of tariffs is to calculate a percentage of the price of the imported product (ad valorem). 

These prices are for the spinning disc reactor as just defined in points a to c, including advanced control and data-logging software with computer and flat screen. The following ancillaries are usually necessary for the system, and these may exist, or Triton can recommend units or can supply them integrated into the system. 

Given the low technological differentiation in commodity chemicals and - since much chemical production is ultimately based on crude oil - worldwide raw material price homogeneity, the cost curves for many chemicals are relatively flat. 

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