Flammability test method

Sarkos, C. P., Filipczak, R. A. and Abramowitz, A., "Preliminary Evaluation of an Improved Flammability Test Method for Aircraft Materials." (DOT/FAA/CT-84/22). Federal Aviation Admin., Atlantic City Airport (1984). 

Some claims appear in the patent literature relating to the thermal and flammability performance of polyurethanes created from ESO polyols [190], but such claims should be carefully evaluated under the conditions of local, state or federal flammability testing methods, or of regional constmction regulations. 

Comprehensive compilations and an extensive discussion of various uses of flammability test methods can be found in the following two books ... 

Hilado, C. J., Flammability Test Methods Handbook, Technomic Publishing, West-port, CT (1973). 

C.J. Hilado, Flammability Test Methods HanrBxxrk , Technomic Publication, Westport, Crmrr, 1973. 

Methenamine pill test See flammability tests. Method of least squares See regression analysis. 

A bomb calorimetric method is used to measure calorific potential of materials. Similar tests are described in DIN 51900, NF M03-005 and in Italian regulations. This type of test is often used in conjunction with flammability test methods to determine classifications of materials for legislation (for example, in French Building Regulations, only materials with a calorific value of less than 2500 kj kg , as determined in NF M03-005, can be considered for MO, the highest classification). 

Fire and Flammability Test Standards. Regardless of the application, it is important that fire and flammability test methods be free of systematic error... 

Other Types of Test Standards. There are also many fire and flammability tests methods that are not developed by a consensus-based process. In the United States these types of test standards are t5q>ically promulgated by regional or federal government agencies. The latter are puhhshed as part of the regulations that refer to these test methods in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), although... 

Methenamine Pill Test See Flammability Tests. Method of Least Squares See Regression Analysis. Methoxybutyl Acetate n CH30CH(CH3)CH2CH2 COOCH3. High-boiling solvent. Bp, 169°C flp, 60°C (140°F). 

Hilado, C. J., Flammability Test Methods Handbook, Technomic, West Port, 1973. Hilado, C. J., Flammability Handbook for Plastics, Technomic, West Port, 1969. Zabetakis, J. M. Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases and Vapors, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bull., 627 (1965). 

To ensure an acceptable precision, this dynamic flash point test employs a prescribed rate of temperature rise for the material under test. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of certain materials. To improve the prediction of flammability, Test Method D 3941, which utilizes a slower heatiog rate, was developed. Test Method D 3941 provides conditions closer to equilibrium where the vapor above the liquid and the liquid are at about the same temperature. If a qiedfication requires Test Method D 36, do not change to D 3941 or other test method without permission from the specifier. 

Fire and Flammability Test Standards. Regardless of the application, it is important that fire and flammability test methods be free of systematic error (bias). It is also essential that consistent results can be obtained fix>m experiments repeated at different times within one laboratory (repeatability) and that there is reasonable agreement between the results for the same material, product, or assembly tested in different laboratories (reproducibility). These are the reasons why fire safety codes, regulations, and specifications refer to standardized fire and flammability test methods and why test data needed in support of fire engineering are obtained with standardized experimental protocols. 

Tables 16 and 17 Hst tke analytical test methods for different properties of interest. The Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc. (MCA) has pubUshed the Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD 63, which describes in detail procedures for safe handling of use of toluene (46). The Interstate Commerce Commission classifies toluene as a flammable Hquid. Accordingly, it must be packaged in authorized containers, and shipping must comply with ICC regulations. Properties related to safe handling are autoignition temperature, 536°C explosive limits, 1.27—7.0 vol % in air and flash point 4.4°C, closed cup.

For physical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, ASTM test methods are employed (28). Flammability ratings are often based on Underwriters Laboratories (UL) standards (29). UL flammabiUty ratings given ia this article are aot iateaded to reflect the hazards preseated by the resias uader use coaditioas. Typical properties are givea ia Table 3. More details and additional properties are given ia Refereaces 5 and 31—33. 

BS EN 61779 Electrical apparatus for the detection of flammable gases. General requirements and test methods ... 

Flash Point - The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame. Depending on the test method used, the value of flash point temperature is either Tag Closed Cup (CC) based on ASTM D56 test method, or Cleveland Open Cup (CC) based on ASTM 093. The value provides a relative indication of the flammability of the chemical. 

AMD 1 Fire hazard testing. Part 2 Test methods. Needle-flame test (AMD 9176) dated 15 November 1996. Previously known as BS 6458 Section 2.2 1993 Fire hazard testing. Terminology concerning fire tests. Superseded BS 6458 Part 1 1990 Flammability of solid non-metallic materials when exposed to flame sources - List of test methods. Superseded BS 6334 1983... 

The physical properties important for the projected use of hydraulic fluids are viscosity, density, foaming behavior, and fire resistance. There is no generally recognized test method for measuring flammability of hydraulic fluids, although various test methods maybe utilized (Moller 1989). 

The lowest temperature of a flammable liquid at which it gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used. The flash point has been commonly determined by the open cup or closed cup method but recent research has yielded higher and lower flash points dependent on the surface area of the ignition source. Because of this aspect ASTM and other standard test methods have been recently withdrawn. They are under review until an adequate determination of a practical and comprehensive standard is composed and agreed upon. 

Polyester polyols, 25 464 468 Polyester resin(s), 11 302 coating resins, 7 104-106 cyclopentadiene and dicyclopentadiene applications, 8 230 flammability of, 20 115-116 properties in powder coating, 7 43t standard test methods for, 20 11 It unreinforced, 10 187t weathering of, 20 116 Polyester resin-based powder coatings, organic titanium compounds in, 25 125 Polyester resin composites, 26 762-763 Polyester resin formulations ingredients of, 20 96t unsaturated, 15 511-512 Polyesters, 10 185-189, 497 12 655-656. See also Thermoplastic polyesters Unsaturated polyesters acid resistance of, 20 7-8 antioxidant applications, 3 121 aromatic ionic, 23 722 based on 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 12 674-675... 

Ester interchange between the additive and polymer would be expected if the mixture were held for an excessive time in the melt. In order to avoid the potential for interchange, the blendings were conducted in solution and heated only for a time necessary to melt press films for flammability testing. An alternative method of film preparation by solvent casting of films was discarded due to difficulties in preparing uniform, sufficiently thick, solvent free films for evaluation. 

There are several standard tests for determining the flammability of materials (ASTM, 2004). For example, the upper and lower concentration limits for the flammability of chemicals and waste can be determined by standard test methods (ASTM D4982, E681), as can the combustibility and the flash point (ASTM D1310, E176, E502). With these definitions in mind it is possible to divide ignitable materials into two subclasses ... 

Flash Point (flash p). This is the lowest temperature at which a liquid will give off enough flammable vapor at or near its surface such that in intimate mixture with air and a spark or flame it ignites. The flash point of liquids is usually determined by the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point with the Tag Closed Cup Tester (ASTM D56-52, available from the American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race St, Philadelphia, Pa). This method is also the standard of the American Standards Association (ASA Z 11.24-1952, available from the American Standards Association, 70 East 45th St, New York, NY). The Interstate Commerce Commission uses the Tag Open Cup (TOC) Tester giving results 5—10°F higher (less flammable). Other methods frequently used are... 

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