Flammability organic compound

Phosphorous-based fire retardants carbonised the circuit boards surface, preventing fresh materialbecoming available for burning. Mineral fire retardants, such as aluminium hydroxide, dilute the flammable organic compounds in the bulk material, cool the material and release water on heating. 

However, the use of domestic microwave ovens can pose serious hazards in the application of microwave energy to flammable organic compounds (such as solvents). For that reason, ad hoc commercial devices were developed using only the 2450 MHz frequency. Noticeable contributions to expand the use of microwaves as an alternative to conventional methods have been reported by Lopez-Avilla. The authors used a MES-1000 microwave sample extraction system (GEM Corp., Matthews, NC) as shown in Figure 22.7. It uses the technology with closed vessels under... 

CO(NH2)OC2H5) A poisonous flammable organic compound, used in medicine, as a solvent, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of polyurethane resins. 

Plasticizers for PVC are generally low-molecular volatile and flammable organic compounds. Their proportion in a highly plasticized PVC may reach 100 phr. in terms of the polymer. Plasticized PVCs, therefore, can be ignited in open air and they then burn freely. Their oxygen index may be as low as 20 per cent. 

Broadly speaking, the term alcohol refers to the hundreds of colorless, volatile, flammable organic compounds formed by the fermentation of starch, sugar, and other carbohydrates. As commonly used, however, the term alcohol refers to one particular member of the alcohol group—it refers to ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, which has the formula QHeO, most of which is used in alcoholic beverages. 

Bromine is used in the manufacture of many important organic compounds including 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide), added to petrol to prevent lead deposition which occurs by decomposition of the anti-knock —lead tetraethyl bromomethane (methyl bromide), a fumigating agent, and several compounds used to reduce flammability of polyester plastics and epoxide resins. Silver(I) bromide is used extensively in the photographic industry... 

Memanol water is an alcohol-base compound. It is less expensive than other organic compounds and, due to lower viscosity, has better heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. It is used up to—35°C, Disadvantages are (I) considered more toxic than ethylene glycol and thus more suitable for outdoor applications (2) flammable and could be assumed to be a potential fire nazard. 

The issues in these evaluations are safety as related to toxicity and flammability, environmental impact as related to the generation of volatile organic compounds and global warming, product performance as related to insulating properties, conformity to fire codes, and the like, cost and availability, and regulatory requirements. 

Organic Chlorides/Halides — Several organic compounds also are hydrolyzed (or react with water) to produce corrosive materials. Notable inclusions among these compounds are acetic anhydride ([CH3COJ2O), and acetyl chloride (CH3COCI), both of which produce acetic acid upon reaction with water. Both acetic anhydride and acetyl chloride are corrosive in addition, mixtures of the vapors of acetic anhydride and acetic acid are flammable in air, and acetyl chloride itself is flammable. 

Some organic compounds can be in solution with water and the mixture may still be a flammable mixture. The vapors above these mixtures such as ethanol, methanol, or acetone can form flammable mixtures with air. Bodurtha [39] and Albaugh and Pratt [47] discuss the use of Raoult s law (activity coefficients) in evaluating the effects. Figures 7-52A and B illustrate the vapor-liquid data for ethyl alcohol and the flash point of various concentrations, the shaded area of flammability limits, and the UEL. Note that some of the plots are calculated and bear experimental data verification. 

Ethers are more volatile than alcohols of the same molar mass because their molecules do not form hydrogen bonds to one another (Fig. 19.2). They are also less soluble in water because they have a lower ability to form hydrogen bonds to water molecules. Because ethers are not very reactive and have low molecular polarity, they are useful solvents for other organic compounds. However, ethers are flammable diethyl ether is easily ignited and must be used with great care. 

Procedures relevant to safe handling and use are discussed. Perchloryl fluoride is stable to heat, shock and moisture, but is a powerful oxidiser comparable with liquid oxygen. It fonns flammable and/or explosive mixtures with combustible gases and vapours [1,2]. It only reacts with strongly nucleophilic centres, and the by-product, chloric acid is dangerously explosive in admixture with organic compounds [3], Safety aspects of practical use of perchloryl fluoride have been reviewed [4],... 

C2EI2, a colourless poisonous flammable gas the starting material for many organic compounds, e.g., chloroprene. See Neoprene. 

Ether A wide variety of organic compounds that are mostly narcotic in effect. Large doses can cause death. Most ethers are dangerously flammable and explosive. 

T. Suzuki, Empirical Relationship Between Lower Flammability Limits and Standard Enthalpies of Combustion of Organic Compounds, Fire and Materials (1994), 18 333-336. 

Suzuki [Suzuki, Empirical Relationship between Lower Flammability Limits and Standard Enthalpies of Combustion of Organic Compounds, Fire and Materials, 18 333-336 (1994) Suzuki and Koide, Correlation between Upper Flammability Limits and Thermochemical Properties of Organic Compounds, Fire and Materials, 18 pp. 393-397 (1994)] provides more detailed correlations for the UFL and LFL in terms of the heat of combustion. 

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