Flame retardants classification

Exolit OP 1311 (TP) and 1312 (TP) are based on metal phosphinates. Both flame retardants are characterized by a high comparative tracking index (CTI) of 600 Volt and low compound density. Clariant claims that the Exolit OP additives have very little affect on the mechanical properties of the compound and that only small amounts are needed to achieve a flame retardant classification of UL 94 VO or a glow wire flammability index (GWFI) of 960 C. 

Earlier studies at the ITRI have demonstrated the effectiveness of tin(IV) oxide, both in its anhydrous and hydrous forms, as a flame- and smoke-retardant additive for laboratory-prepared polyester resin formulations (J5j. In a recent study, carried out in collaboration with a major U.K. company, a number of inorganic tin additives have been incorporated into a commercial brominated polyester resin. Although this resin, which contains 28% by weight bromine, is intrinsically flame-retardant, giving samples with an 01 of ca. 41 and which meet the UL94-VO classification, formulations with improved flame and smoke properties are sought. 

CAL TB 117 Requirements, Test Procedures and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of Resilient Filling Materials Used in Upholstered Furniture. Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, Sacramento, CA. EN 13501 Fire Classification of Construction Products and Building Elements - Part 1 - Classification Using Test Data from Reaction-to-Fire Tests. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. 

Whereas UL 94 delivers only a classification based on a pass-and-fail system, LOI can be used to rank and compare the flammability behavior of different materials. In Figure 15.2 the increasing LOI values are presented for different polymers as an example POM = poly(oxymethylene), PEO = poly(ethyl oxide), PMMA = poly(methyl methacrylate), PE = polyethylene), PP, ABS, PS, PET = polyethylene terephthalate), PVA = poly(vinyl alcohol), PBT, PA = poly(amide), PC, PPO = poly(phenylene oxide), PSU, PEEK = poly(ether ether ketone), PAEK = poly(aryl ether ketone), PES, PBI = poly(benzimidazole), PEI = poly(ether imide), PVC = poly(vinyl chloride), PBO = poly(aryl ether benzoxazole), PTFE. The higher the LOI, the better is the intrinsic flame retardancy. Apart from rigid PVC, nearly all commodity and technical polymers are flammable. Only a few high-performance polymers are self-extinguishing. Table 15.1 shows an example of how the LOI is used in the development of flame-retarded materials. The flame retardant red phosphorus (Pred) increases... 

The EU Risk Assessments on the four chlorophosphate flame-retardants—TCPP, TDCP, TCEP, and V-6—were recently finalized.54 57 For TCPP, TDCP, and TCEP all had some risks identified, so risk reduction strategy for each is in progress. The classification and labeling proposal is in preparation for TCPP. No risks were identified for V-6, hence this material will have no risk phrases associated with it. 

Joumeaux, T.L., Development in regulatory classification methods that will affect the European cable industry and its suppliers, Proceedings of Flame Retardants 2008, London, England, 2008. 

Description The BP/Lummus styrene polymerization technology for the manufacture of regular and flame-retardant grades of EPS is a one-step batch suspension reaction followed by continuous dewatering, drying and size classification. 

Classification of Plastics, Elastomers, and Rubber (NFPA 231C) NOTE The following categories are based on unmodified plastic materials. The use of fire or flame-retarding modifiers or the physical form of the material may change the classification. 

FIGURE 31.1 The classification of FRs (Modified from Kemi, The Flame Retardants Project, Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate, (KemI) Report 5/96). 

Depending on the type of chemical, the collection of concentrated residues may not be sufficient separate collection of the (less concentrated) rinsing waters may be needed (Derden et al., 2011). This is the case for chemicals for which very low environmental quality standards are issued, usually in combination with the classification as priority hazardous substances within the Water Frame Directive (see information to come). Examples are brominated flame retardants, fluorosurfactants, nonylphenols, and nonylphenolethoxylates for which concentrated residues and rinsing waters are preferably reused in the process. If this is not feasible, they need to be treated as waste by a third party having the necessary permits to do so. 

A lower amount of flame retardant is needed to achieve the desired classification. 

Synonyms Perbromo-N,N -blphthallmide Classification Halogenated aromatic Uses Flame retardant for polyolefin films and wire/cable, HIPS, PBT applies. 

The flame-retarding of HDPE and PP is not so complex. 4.25 phr. of Saytex BN 451 and 2 phr. of antimony trioxide yield the rating V-2 for polypropylene. 6 per cent of octabromodiphenyl oxide and 3.5 per cent of antimony trioxide in 90.5 per cent of HDPE is rated B2 according to DIN 4102 (cf. Section 3.2.1) while the flammability of a compound with 9 per cent of decabromodiphenyl oxide and 4 per cent of antimony trioxide to 87 per cent of HDPE is rated B1. For reaching the classification V-0, a rather high portion of flame-retardants should be admixed, for example 30 phr of decabromodiphenyl oxide and/or BT 93 is recommended with 10 phr. of antimony trioxide to polypropylene. Masterbatches with these flame-retardants facilitate processing (cf. Table 5.15). The same systems are also used for polyolefin elastomers (such as EPDM) . 

A 2011 study by Lithner et al. (2011) assessed the environmental and health hazards posed by plastics, based on the toxicity of their monomers. The classification is not inherent to the polymer as it is based primarily on residual monomer (with selected additives, plasticizer, and flame retardants). The ranking (see Table 8.8) can have relevance only for occupational exposures and in some food-contact uses of plastics. Also, future advances in residual monomer reduction technology and green substitution of additives can change the status of a polymer in this assessment. Where recyclabihty" is used as a ranking criterion, it generally refers to technical recyclabihty that has little to do with if the resin will in fact be recycled in practice. 

Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) with or without a saturated polyester as a low smoke low profile additive can pass various building fire tests such as the German Chimney test or the British and French spread of flame tests at the highest or next but one classifications. Likewise an unsaturated polyester blended with methyl methacrylate can achieve such levels with either 120 phr of APP, 225 phr ATH and 25 phr APP, or with 300 phr of ATH. Similar formulations also pass German and US railway tests with 100 phr of ATH and 10 phr APP. Not only are these formulations highly flame retardant but they also fulfil smoke density and toxicity requirements as severe as those demanded by the aircraft industry. 

Flame retarded SMC parts have excellent resistance to fire in the SBI test. It is so good that it achieved the highest classification for organic materials and the best smoke status. 

A more convenient scheme, first proposed by Mascia [14] for plastic additives, is to classify fillers according to their specific function, such as their ability to modify mechanical, electrical, or thermal properties, flame retardancy, processing characteristics, solvent permeability, or simply formulation costs. Fillers, however, are multifunctional and may be characterized by a primary function and a plethora of additional functions (see Table 1.4). The scheme adopted in this book involves classification of fillers according to five primary functions, as follows ... 

Classification of Flame Retardants 323 TaUe 17.5 Chemical surface treatments applied to ATH for specific polymers. 

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