Flame classification

Values and imits Flame classification. Flame classification. 

Flame-Resistant Grades. Grade FR-1, paper-based laminates with a phenoHc resin binder, are similar in all properties to Grade XP, but so formulated to have at least a UL94 V-1 classification when tested according to UL94. 

A much more severe test is that leading to UL-94-5V classifications. This involves two stages. In the first stage a standard 5 X 0.5 inch bar is mounted vertically and subjected to a 5 inch flame five times for 5 seconds duration with an interval of 5 seconds. To pass the specification no specimen may bum with... 

The tubes that are around the flame get most of their heat energs t rom radiation. The tubes in the top of the chamber get their heat from com ec-tion as the hot exhaust gases rise up through the heater and heat ihc process fluid in the tubes. The principal classification of fired heaters relates to the orientation of the heating coil in the radiant section. The tube coils of vertical fired heaters are placed vertically along the walls of the combustion chamber. Firing also occurs vertically from the Hoor of the heater. All the tubes are subjected to radiant energy. 

The NEC group method for classifying flame arresters is similar to that used for electrical area classification. NFPA 497 (1997) provides the criteria for classilying gases into NEC groups for suitability for electrical area classification. 

Flame arresters are categorized by the MESG of the gas being handled and its corresponding classification by the National Electrical Code (NEC) groups in the US or the International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) groups in Europe (see Chapter 5). 

All important factor in assessing tlie causes and effects of fires is tlie beluivior of a fire s flmne. Knowledge of a flame s spreading rate and heat intensity can reduce fire liazard potentials and fire damage. The classifications of flame behavior are ... 

This recent attempt differs from the previous classification where the wrinkled flamelet regime has been considered up to rj = (5l- Chen and Bilger have proposed to tentatively classify the different turbulent premixed flame structures they observed among four different regimes ... 

Zel dovich Ya.B., Regime classification of an exothermic reaction with non-uniform initial conditions. Combust. Flame, 39,211,1990. 

The Subpart O standards apply to units that treat or destroy hazardous waste and which meet the definition of an incinerator. An incinerator is any enclosed device that uses controlled flame combustion and does not meet the criteria for classification as a boiler, sludge dryer, carbon regeneration unit, or industrial furnace. Typical incinerators1 2 3 include rotary kilns, liquid injectors, fixed hearth units, and fluidized bed incinerators (Table 23.1). The definition of an incinerator also includes units that meet the definition of an infrared incinerator or plasma arc incinerator. An infrared incinerator is any enclosed device that uses electric-powered resistance as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. A plasma arc incinerator is any enclosed device that uses a high-intensity electrical discharge as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. 

The National Fire Protection Association classifies liquids by their explosion and flame-propagation abilities.16,17 These ratings are then used to specify the type of electrical equipment required. These standards have been adopted by OSHA. Woinsky18 gives a procedure for obtaining the material classifications of individual compounds and mixtures. 

Earlier studies at the ITRI have demonstrated the effectiveness of tin(IV) oxide, both in its anhydrous and hydrous forms, as a flame- and smoke-retardant additive for laboratory-prepared polyester resin formulations (J5j. In a recent study, carried out in collaboration with a major U.K. company, a number of inorganic tin additives have been incorporated into a commercial brominated polyester resin. Although this resin, which contains 28% by weight bromine, is intrinsically flame-retardant, giving samples with an 01 of ca. 41 and which meet the UL94-VO classification, formulations with improved flame and smoke properties are sought. 

A description is given of the initiatives carried out within the European Community for the harmonization of fire testing. The technical and economic reasons are explained for such initiatives, which are taken in order to remove barriers to trade from the European internal market. Of the various fire aspects, only fire reaction testing is taken into consideration here, because it appears as a major technical obstacle to the free circulation of construction materials. All possible approaches are considered for the attainment of such a harmonization and one, the so called interim solution, is fully described. The proposed interim solution, is based on the adoption of three fundamental test methods, i.e. the British "Surface Spread of Flame", the French "Epiradiateur" and the German "Brandschacht", and on the use of a rather complicated "transposition document", which should allow to derive most of the national classifications from the three test package. 

The number of small scale test methods, used for classification purposes, should be limited and based on ISO tests, presumably the Cone Calorimeter /10/ (see Fig. 8) and possibly the ISO Surface Spread of Flame test /11/. 

Furthermore, it has been shown that the time period until ignition occurs, in the Cone calorimeter, is proportional to the inverse of the flame spread rate [16]. The Cone calorimeter can also be used to provide the mass loss rate information required for the simplified classification into categories of toxic hazard [1] quick toxic hazard assessment. Thus, the NBS Cone calorimeter is a very useful tool to overcome some of the disadvantages associated with measuring a single property at a time. 

Figure 14.16—Elements determined by AAS or FES. Most elements can be determined by atomic-absorption or flame emission using one of the available atomisation modes (burner, graphite furnace or hydride formation). Sensitivity varies enormously from one element to another. The representation above shows the elements in their periodic classification in order to show the wide use of these methods. Some of the lighter elements, C, N, O, F, etc. in the figure can be determined using a high temperature thermal source a plasma torch, in association with a spcctropholometric device (ICP-AbS) or a mass spectrometer (1CP-MS).

The biological oxygen demand (BOD) in aqueous streams for both butanals is 1.62 wt/wt for five days (42). The NFPA Hazard classification (42) for both aldehydes are health (blue) 2 flammability (red) 3 and reactivity (yellow) 0. The flammability characteristics of the butanals are given in Table 7. The flash points for the butanals are well below room temperature. Thus, precautions must be taken to avoid heat, sparks, or open flame. ... 

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