Fixed pricing

Lump Sum contract contractor manages and executes specified work to an agreed delivery date for a fixed price. Penalties may be due for late completion of the work, and this provides an incentive for timely completion. Payment may be staged when agreed milestones are reached. 

Cost Fixed price of 150 DFL, plus charge per hour for data... 

Lump sum fixed price. This is the most commonly used method, and ensures that the client will know exactly how much he will be paying ... 

Lump sum fixed price with a schedule of rates to cater for variations to the works ... 

General - This is a description of the type of contract and the relationship with other parties, i.e. whether the contract is to be nominated, main or domestic fixed price of fluctuating. 

Detailed (Quotation) estimates, accuracy 5-10 per cent, which are used for project cost control and estimates for fixed price contracts. These are based on the completed (or near complete) process design, firm quotations for equipment, and a detailed breakdown and estimation of the construction cost. 

The two types of MBI instruments can be seen in the following two different approaches on one side, taxes follow a price approach because producers adjust the quantity, given a fixed price put on emissions on the other side, a tradable permit system follows a quantity approach because the price is adjusted according to supply and demand, given a maximum quantity of emissions allowed. 

To sum up, the factors that enable the supply side to fix prices above the marginal cost are (a) the imperfect agency relationship between the doctor (the agent) and the insurer (the principal) the prescriber may prefer the brand product, about which he or she has acquired knowledge and experience during the patent period (risk aversion), (b) the patient, and sometimes also the doctor, may have imperfect information on the quality of cheaper alternatives, and (c) the lack of incentives to change prescription habits (moral hazard). 

Polycrystalline GaN UV detectors have been realized with 15% quantum efficiency [4], This is about 1 /4 of the quantum efficiency obtained by crystalline devices. Available at a fixed price, however, their increased detection range may well compensate their lack in sensitivity. Furthermore, new semiconductor materials with a matching band gap appear as promising candidates for UV detection if the presumption of the crystallinity is given up. Titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide and zinc oxide have to be mentioned. The opto-electronic properties and also low-cost production processes for these compound semiconductors have already been investigated to some extent for solar cell applications [5]. 

Suppose you are a chemical distributor who wishes to optimize the inventory of a specialty chemical. You expect to sell Q barrels of this chemical over a given year at a fixed price with demand spread evenly over the year. If Q = 100,000 barrels (units) per year, you must decide on a production schedule. Unsold production is kept in inventory. To determine the optimal production schedule you must quantify those aspects of the problem that are important from a cost viewpoint [Baumol (1972)]. 

Procurement flexibility exists for spot quantities, while contract quantities are fixed. Prices are fixed in both cases. 

Because of the wide availability of chlor-alkali technology, it was decided to tender for fixed-price contracts for engineering, procurement and construction of the two chlor-alkali plants. The other areas - namely Outside Battery Limits for both plants and the chlor-paraffin plant in Melbourne - were managed by Orica under separate contracts. The chlor-paraffin plant process design (batch chlorination of paraffin oil and wax) was carried out in-house by Orica. 

Contrary to the model with fixed prices and infinitely elastic supply factor, the CGE model proves considerably less sensitive to assumptions about international competitiveness. If the international production structure for hydrogen cars deviates from that of conventional cars, prices and production structures are adjusted. The consequences for aggregate variables, like real consumption and GDP, are small. 

Article 1 If the authorities fix prices of the medicinal products, they must comply with the rules of this Directive... 

Because the scope of work for JACADS closure is too uncertain to permit fixed-price competition, contracts for services under a cost-reimbursable contract with an award fee will be used (Bushman, 2000). The entire process of chemical demilitarization has been a novel experience, both for the Army and its contractors. Consequently, a fixed-price contract for the first closure of a disposal facility was not practical. Fixed-price contracting for JACADS closure... 

The Problem You decide to go into the sandal-making business. Your startup costs are 1,600, and it costs you 40 per pair of sandals to produce them. You write your total cost function as C = 1,600 + 40x, where x is the number of pairs of sandals that you produce. The price at which you sell the sandals is dependent on the number of pairs you sell, so there isn t a fixed price (you lower the price to be able to sell more). In this case, the amount of revenue you get from selling x pairs of sandals is found with R = lOOx - 0.5x2. What is the break-even point How many pairs of sandals do you have to produce and sell to start making a profit ... 

Graber MA, Easton-Carr R Poverty and pain Ethics and the lack of opioid pain medications in fixed-price, low-cost prescription plans. Ann Pharmacother 2008 42 1913. [PMID 19033486]... 

An absolute, unbreakable price ceiling could only be established if an appropriate government institution agreed to provide an unlimited supply of permits to the EU ETS at a fixed price, which would be difficult to align with the commitment of European Member States to their cap under Kyoto.44 With only 10% of the allowances available to auction in phase II, there is no practical way in which auctions could set an unbreakable price ceiling, but auctioning could reduce the risk of... 

An absolute price floor in the EU ETS could be established if a government institution agreed to purchase an unlimited number of permits at a fixed price. If sellers are guaranteed this floor price by selling to the government, the market price will not fall below the floor. Treasuries, however, are typically reluctant to sign up to such financial liabilities. 

Assuming removal of federal fixed price controls, the total supply of natural gas and supplementals would be as follows ... 

Long-term fixed-price contracts are not considered workable due to the volatility in the market and the uncertainty regarding future natural gas prices. The normal longterm contract simply guarantees continuity of... 

The D C contract in any project financed on a project finance basis is, invariably, based on a turnkey arrangement, This ensures that a single contractor assumes an undivided responsibility for completion date, final cost and performance of the facility. Liquidated damages are payable by the contractor for delay in completion or shortfall in performance. Such a contract is based on a carefully-written perfoimance specification issued by the project conpany against which the contractor submits a fixed price tender in competition with other contractors. The contract is generally arranged so that the turnkey contractor accepts all the major construction risks. 

Another serious problem in the aluminum industry is the pricing policy. By law, 50% of the production goes to the government at a fixed price, so-called levy metal. The current price is 903/metric ton versus a production cost of 1084/metric ton. 

To help control the price of drugs, the government of India instituted the Drug (price control) Order of 1970. The Bureau of Industrial Cost and Prices is continuing its work on the matter and has submitted further recommendations to the government. The position of the pharmaceutical industry is difficult, since it has to consider both fixed prices and growing costs. This will require strict control on spending and also steps to see that productivity increases. 

---