Fish ladders

Several fish species, notably salmon, respond to the odors of their predators in an adaptive manner (Table 12.4). Coho and spring salmon retreated to the lower parts of a fish ladder when rinses of human hand, bear paw, dog meat, or sea lion meat were added to the water upstream. Even the odor of deer feet had the same effect (Brett and MacKinnon, 1954). L-Serine was identified as the active compound in mammalian skin (Idler etal, 1956). Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus, also responds to L-serine from human hand wash, while D-serine and several other amino acids were not active. L-Serine is less active than the whole hand wash, suggesting that two or more compounds are required for the full response (Jones and Hara, 1982). 

Fish hatching, flearltig, Bastocklng Propagation, DIaeaae, Fish ladders Passes, Screens, Counters... 

Engineers inspect the integrity of the dam at frequent intervals. Naturalists ensure that any fish ladders or other equipment function appropriately and are in operation at the times that are essential to the upriver journey of the fish. Naturalists also oversee the health of the fish population and the reservoir. 

The solution is to build a channel for the fish that bypasses the power plant. It is a solution similar to the one often used when a dam is blocking fish migration. In that case heat is not the problem (falling water is spinning the turbines, not steam) the problem is that the fish cannot swim over the barrier posed by the dam. A fish ladder is built to bypass the dam. A fish ladder consists of a number of very small increases in elevation that fish are capable of jumping. 

Figure 17 Three-dimensional structures of vertebrate antimicrobial peptides, (a) pardaxin from fish mucous glands (PDB code 1XC0) (b) cryptdin-4 from mouse Paneth cells (PDB code 2GW9) (c) retrocyclin-2, a synthetic peptide based on a human genome sequence (PDB code 2ATG) (an overlay of the 20 lowest energy structures is given to highlight the structural disorder associated with this laddered arrangment of the three disulphide bonds) and (d) fowlicidin-1 from chickens (PDB code 2AMN).

By microsatellite analysis DNA fingerprints can be made from almost all mammals. Primers are published for a wide variety of mammals, birds, and fishes. For some animal species used in agriculmre, commercial PCR kits are available (Table 1.7) for other species, sets of markers are available some of which were tested in ring trials (sheep, goat, pig). In contrast to the analysis of human DNA, currentiy no aUelic ladders are commercially available for these marker sets except for porcine microsatellite analysis with a kit from Biotype. 

In this method the change in conductivity of a liquid by the presence of a particle is exploited. The origins of the technique lie in a method of covmting fish passing through a salmon ladder. 

Applications include electrical buss ducts, side rails for safety ladders, third-rail covers, walkways and structural supports for harsh chemical environments, and resilient items such as fishing rods, bike flag poles, and tent poles. Common profile sections generally fall between 4 in X 6 in and 8 in X 24 in. 

VE resins can be used for all possible applications discussed for UPE resins. Specifically, VE resins have replaced metals and UPE-based ERP for corrosion-resistant applications. Applications include use in tanks, piping and ducts primarily for handling dilute acids, solvents and fuels, corrosion-resistant mixing vessels, precipitation vessels, scrubbers and process columns. In electrical industries, VE resin-based ERP are used to make components for electrcity generating stations, transmission and distribution, televisions, and antennae. They are also used for making electrical maintenance equipment such as ladders, and booms. Better water resistance makes them suitable for use in air conditioners, humidifiers and other household appliances. VE resins perform better in underwater applications than epoxy resins. Thus VE resins are extensively used for marine applications. Examples are hull construction of various types of sail and motor boats, fishing boats, and naval vessels. 

Applications for pultruded products include ladders, electrical poleline hardware, electric motor wedges, fishing rods, archery bows, hammer and ax handles, I-beams, and T-beams. Pultrusion can also be used for on-site construction of architectural structures. 

Furthermore, the dams huilt for hydroelectric power plants, for example, cut off access to the spawning grounds of anadromous, migratory salmon or the American shad. These fish must return upriver to lay their eggs. To facilitate the return journey, fish lifts, ladders, or elevators are in place at many dams. These structures, which help fish move upstream, also help to avoid the disruption of the local hahitat. 

To date, the process has penetrated the application areas such as land transport, construction, infrastructure, electrical, marine and offshore, and aerospace. With the introduction of newer technologies, pultrusion can be used to produce nearly any constant cross-sectional shape (Meyer, 1985) such as channels, tubes, beams, bars and many other profiles for handrails, ladders, cable ducts, antennae, rail covers, tent poles, hockey sticks, fishing rods, pipes, slide guides, luggage racks, leaf springs, window frames, farm wagons, bridge sections, roof profiles, etc. 

The products fabricated by this method are (1) transformer air duct spacer sticks, ladders, bus bar supports, fuse tubes, cable support trays, fishing rods, antennas, skate boards, tool handles, ski poles, golf shafts, bridges and platforms, stairs, pipes and tubes, leaf springs, seating, bus luggage racks, etc. 

Pultruded profiles have excellent strength/ weight ratios, corrosion resistance, and good electrical resistivity, and are easy to fabricate via drilling, centerless grinding, and so on. Therefore, they have broad application in products such as fishing rods, industrial ladders, electrical switch actuators, cable trays, fume scrubber structural members, farm animal pen slats and electrical tower insulated guy wires. ... 

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