Fire fighting water system

Reliability and capacity of fire fighting water supply system sources. 

In addition, other laws, including the Fire Act, stipulate what should be taken into consideration in designing as to the performance of fire detectors and the water sources of fire fighting water supply systems. Redundancy and diversity of the fire fighting pump system and compliance to the law on the location and numbers are confirmed in the course of PSR, as well. 

The fire-fighting water and the containment spray supply systems also share a cormnon... 

Pipes, valves, fittings, and almost all other components of small equipment are now available in plastic or ceramics, which do not corrode in salt water and are less expensive than the metals now used. Synthetic detergents are now available for use with seawater, although a final rinse with freshwater may be desired. Saltwater sewage can be treated successfully. Dual water systems using freshwater and seawater are already in use on ships and in many island resort hotels. Many of these also have seawater systems for fire fighting. This trend will grow. 

A lighter liquid can spread over and, if immiscible, remain on top of a denser liquid. Thus liquid fuels and many organic liquids will spread on water this may result in a hazard in sumps, pits or sewerage systems and often precludes the use of water as a jet in fire-fighting. 

Safety Systems Fire-Fighting Systems Fire Water Pumps... 

Accident Mitigation 28 Detection of leaks/ruptures 29 Emergency shutdown switch locations 30 Accessibility of isolation valves 31 Potential for fire/explosion in unit affecting other equipment 32 Critical controls, mitigation, communication, and fire protection sy stems functional and accessible after initial explosion or release 33 Back-up power supply/redundant feeds for critical electrical systems 34 Water supply for fire fighting 35 Routing of utilities... 

Water is the most useful and vital fire suppression medium, whether used for fixed systems or manual fire fighting efforts for petroleum facilities. It is relatively inexpensive and normally plentiful. It has enormous heat absorption properties. Approximately 3.8 liters (1.0 gal.) of water absorbs about 1,512 k cal (6,000 Btu), when vaporized to steam. Steam created by water evaporation expands to about 17,000 times its volume in open atmospheres, thereby limiting combustion processes by displacing oxygen in the area. 

Self contained dual agent systems, (foam/water and dry chemical), are provided for manual fire fighting efforts against three dimensional pressure leaks and large diameter pool fires. The design affords fast fire knockdown, extinguishment and sealant against re-flash. A skid... 

Large-scale applications are limited because of the sensitivity of polymers to chemical, thermal, and/or mechanical degradation (Martischius). Thus, the use of polymers should either be limited to open-ended systems with short distances to be covered (such as in the use of water hoses in fire fighting) or an additional injection device must be used in pipeline transportations, to automatically adjust the content of (fresh) flow improvers in case of decreased effectiveness. 

The consequences of the accident were exacerbated by the lack of a water system dedicated to fire fighting, and by deficiencies in the shared system. When the process water system was extensively damaged by the explosion, the plant s water supply for fighting fires was also disrupted. The water pressure was inadequate for fire fighting. The force of the explosion ruptured water-lines and adjacent vessels containing flammable and combustible materials. The ruptured water lines could not be isolated to restore water pressure because the valves to do so were engulfed in flames. Of the three backup diesel pumps, one had been taken out of service and was unavailable, and another soon ran... 

There was not a water system dedicated to fire fighting, and there were deficiencies in the system shared with the process. 

Still another consideration is fires occurring in machine equipment such as electrical fires or lubricating oil fires in a fuze assembly machine. Here, primary consideration is the rapid detonation of the fire and deactivation of the equipment to prevent the continous machine operation which would cause the fire to intensify or propagate into a detonation. Fire fighting in this case, in the form of a water deluge system is the secondary action to extinguish the cause of the fire. 

Any areas which have flammable liquids are equipped with a foam fire fighting system. The foam system is activated by fusible links or manually. The fire truck has a foam eductor system which can be used to extinguish flammable liquid, or Class II fires. The foam is educted out of five gallon buckets and mixed with the water stream in the eductor. 

Causes central nervous system depression in small doses and convulsions in larger doses. A skin irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Mutation data reported. Combustible liquid. To fight fire, use water (may be used as a blanket), alcohol, foam, dry chemical. A strong reducing agent. Reacts violently with peroxyformic acid and other oxidizers. See also ALDEHYDES. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A powerful irritant and lachr mator. Human systemic effects by inhalation lachrymation and unspecified effects on the eye and sense of smeU. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. To fight fire, use water, foam, alcohol foam, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition or on contact with water or steam it emits toxic fumes of CL. 

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