Secondary action

The absence of a special relationship that generates some competitive or symbiotic advantage for the producer makes the possibilities for such secondary actions much more numerous, and much less likely to be recognised, than would be the possibilities for primary reactions. Thus, to assure the needed partitioning of, and the correct identification of, producer and target organisms, exertion of exceptionally tight control over experimental details becomes imperative. 

In Linsley Lake this pattern persisted for at least 5 years. In a sense dominants selected their successors. This, however, was a secondary action. No value to the producer is required to justify its existence. The producer would no longer be present when the allelochemistry is in action. As a dominant weakened, it would make little difference to its survival as a species, or to its reoccur-... 

Nefazodone is the prototypical member of the SARI class of antidepressants. It is a powerful serotonin 2A antagonist with secondary actions as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (Figs. 7—14 and 7—15). Nefazodone also blocks alpha 1 receptors, but the clinical consequences of this are generally not important, perhaps because its norepinephrine reuptake inhibition reduces this action in vivo. 

He smiled at my vehemence. Perhaps you are right, Watson, he said. I suppose that its influence is physically a bad one. I find it, however, so transcendingly stimulating and clarifying to the mind that its secondary action is a matter of small moment. ... 

Secondary actions - studies related to secondary pharmacological actions of the new drug which may be relevant to expected use or to adverse effects of the new drug. ... 

Still another consideration is fires occurring in machine equipment such as electrical fires or lubricating oil fires in a fuze assembly machine. Here, primary consideration is the rapid detonation of the fire and deactivation of the equipment to prevent the continous machine operation which would cause the fire to intensify or propagate into a detonation. Fire fighting in this case, in the form of a water deluge system is the secondary action to extinguish the cause of the fire. 

Arrow-root starch (500 g.) in 8 liters of water containing 1 g. of sodium chloride was hydrolyzed at pH 6.5 with 50 ml. of saliva. After twenty-four hours, 50% of maltose had been formed. The reaction mixture was kept under toluene for thirty-two days. The reducing power then corresponded to 89% maltose. Fermentation experiments, however, showed that 63% maltose and 14% D-glucose had been formed, the latter by the secondary action of maltase. As mentioned above, the salivary amylase does not form D-glucose as a primary product but differs in this respect from malt a-amylase. The pancreatic enzyme is... 

Metabolic Effects of Insulin. Insulin has pronounced effects on the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The major tissues affected by insulin are muscle (cardiac and skeletal), adipose ti.ssue, and liver. The kidney is much less responsive, and others (e.g.. hrain tis.sue and red blood cells) do nut respond at all. The actions of insulin arc highly complex and diverse. Because many of the actions of insulin are mediated by. second messengers, it is difficult to distinguish between its primary and secondary actions. 

Although the precise mechanism by which each of the many environmental pollutants exerts toxicity remains to be elucidated, four principal mechanisms are described here. In general, a pollutant may cause an adverse effect on a living organism through (1) disruption or destruction of cellular structure (2) direct chemical combination with a cell constituent (3) its influence on enzymes and (4) initiation of a secondary action. These are examined below. 

Name three examples of secondary action resulting from pollutant presence. 

Lubricants may therefore act as either as an external or an internal agent. Depending on their chemical nature, a few may have secondary actions such as dispersing agents, plasticisation, or slip agents. These are usually included up to a 1% level. 

Carbonates of the alkalies act like the alkaline hydrate they give rise to the formation of the oxide and sulphides of the alkalies, with evolution of carbonic acid secondary actions produce siilphantimon-ites, antimonites, and antimony sulphide. The solution of the sulphide is never complete, even when it is heated and, according to Terreil, carbonate of potassium does not help it. This has been demonsti-ated by Weppen and affirmed by Terreil. When a solution of sodium carbonate, to which the sulphide has been added, is being cooled, there are formed the sulphide, neutral and acid antimonites of sodium, and antimonious acid, constituting what is called Kermes mineral. ... 

For delayed effects of iodide, it is difficult to separate the direct effects on the thyroid and the secondary action on thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and serum levels, unless the experiments are performed in hypophysect-omized animals or subjects, or as responses to administered TSH. An effect of iodide on a hypophysectomized animal has been shown for (1) the inhibition of TSH-induced thyroid hormone synthesis (Katakai and Yamada, 1966) (2) the trapping of iodide (Taurog et ai, 1958) (3) the inhibition of TSH-induced thyroid hormone secretion Yamada and Lewis, 1968) or spontaneous secretion in autonomous adenomas (Green and Ingbar, 1962) and (4) the inhibition of TSH-induced thyroid growth (Bray, 1968). Of course, direct effects in vitro are also independent of the T4—TSH loop, but their in vivo relevance should be proved these effects are examined in Chapter Mechanism(s) of Action of Iodide, third part. 

An interesting combination of incendiary actions is the subject of a German patent which claims thermitic high-temperature reactions between aluminum ( PyroschlifT ) or calcium silicide, with phosphates such as tertiary calcium phosphate as the oxidizer. Since phosphides are the products of reaction, the application of water during Are fighting will cause formation of self-flammable phosphine. It would appear that such secondary action might be more of a nuisance than tactically efficient. 

The force measured by its definite action at any one part of a circuit cannot perform more than one equivalent proportion of work at any other part of the same circuit. The only electrolyte which yielded was the sulphate of soda, the ions of which, however, were not the acid and alkali of the salt but an anion composed of an equivalent of sulphur and four equivalents of oxygen, and the metallic cathion sodium from the former, sulphuric acid was formed at the anode by primary action and the evolution of one equivalent of oxygen and from the latter, soda at the cathode by the secondary action of the metal and the evolution of an equivalent of hydrogen. ... 

The tectonic data are especially Important in a case where, as a result of secondary actions, changes in the chemical properties of the limestone have occurred on either side of a fault. Although such variations are of a locally limited character, they are liable to cause entirely different raw meal conditions for a time during quarry operation and material processing. 

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