Fire fighting systems, fixed

Sprinkler and Halon systems are usually ceiling-mounted, fixed fire-fighting systems. One releases a deluge of water, the other a suppressive gas. Halon systems, which use a gas with the vendor name of Halon, are being phased out because Halon gases are damaging to the ozone layer. 

Fixed fire fighting systems have the advantages that they can ... 

BS EN 12259 Fixed fire fighting systems (4 parts), BSI, London... 

BS EN 12416 Fixed fire fighting systems. Powder systems... 

BS EN 12094 Fixed fire-fighting systems. Components for gas extinguishing media (Parts 5,8 13) BS EN12259 Fixed fire-fighting systems. Components for sprinkler and water spray systems (parts 1-4) BS EN 12416 Fixed fire-fighting systems. Powder systems (parts 1 2)... 

BS EN 12845 Fixed fire-fighting systems. Automatic sprinkler systems Design, installation and maintenance... 

Fixed fire fighting systems (FFS) provide active protection for a building, its contents and occupants. There... 

This should include the safety performance of the contractor (such as obstructing fire exits, smoking, etc.) as well as the technical aspects of the works (such as installation of fixed fire fighting systems). The formal review of performance should be used in determining whether the contractor is used on future contracts. 

Cooling water from automatic fire fighting systems (e.g. fixed sprinkler installations, on-site fire fighting... 

Fire fighting systems for both open and totally enclosed platforms shall conform to API RP 14 G — Fire Prevention and Control on Fixed Open-type Offshore Production Platforms. 

A general application of loss prevention practices is considered prudent both by insurers and petroleum companies, so overall, all facilities are required to achieve the corporate protection standards. In fact the premium of insurance is normally based on the level of risk for the facility after an insurance engineer has "surveyed" the facility. Isolated cases may appear where less fixed protection systems are provided in place of manual fire fighting capabilities, however the general level of overall loss prevention level or risk is maintained. Insurers will also always make recommendations for loss prevention improvements where they feel the protection levels are substandard and the risk high. Where they feel the risk is too high, they may refuse to underwrite certain layers of insurance or charge substantial additional premiums for reinsurance requirements. 

Facility Emergency Response Measures (e.g., Fixed fire suppression systems, fire fighting, first aid, etc.). From 0-4 hours after incident Severe... 

Water is the most useful and vital fire suppression medium, whether used for fixed systems or manual fire fighting efforts for petroleum facilities. It is relatively inexpensive and normally plentiful. It has enormous heat absorption properties. Approximately 3.8 liters (1.0 gal.) of water absorbs about 1,512 k cal (6,000 Btu), when vaporized to steam. Steam created by water evaporation expands to about 17,000 times its volume in open atmospheres, thereby limiting combustion processes by displacing oxygen in the area. 

Fires in or on offshore wind turbines and substations 33 CER Chapter 1, Subchapter N, Part 145, Fire-Fighting Equipment NEPA, Codes and Standards (e.g., NFPA 12—Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems) NFPA 850 RP for Fire Protection for Electric Generating Plants DNV-OS-J201(2009)—Offshore Substations for Wind Farms (Section 6) Safety of Life at Sea Provisions GL Wind Technical Note Certification of Fire Protection Systems for Wind Turbines, Rev. 2,2009 ed. BS EN 13565-2 2009—Fixed Firefighting Systems... 

A plan of the layout >- The location of service shut-off facilities >- The location and nature of any specific hazards >- The details of the fire alarm system >- Details of any fixed fire fighting installations, e.g. sprinklers. 

The fire scenario selected to be analyzed deals with the fire fighting means designated to be applied in a reference NPP once a fire occurs for any reason. One major assumption is the failure of the automatic actuation of the fixed fire extinguishing system in the compartment where the fire is supposed to start. This implies that fire fighting mainly depends on the operability of the fire detection and darm system, the performance of human actions as well as on the operability of active fire barrier elements (e.g. fire dampers and fire doors) and of the fire extinguishing systems which can be manually actuated. 

If equipment and procedures work as intended, fire fighting is a rather short process, because the compartment where the fire is assumed to occur is equipped with a fixed fire extinguishing system which suppresses the fire with a sufficiently large amount of water after actuation by the fire detection and alarm system. However, one major assumption of the andysis presented here was the failure of the automatic actuation of the fixed fire extinguishing system. This implies that the fire has to be extinguished by manual fire fighting means performed by the plant personnel in charge. 

Properly designed and installed fixed fire suppression systems enhance fire safety in the workplace. Automatic sprinkler systems throughout the workplace are among the most reliable fire fighting means. The fire sprinkler system detects the fire, sounds an alarm, and puts the water where the fire and heat are located. 

This subsection covers the basic type of equipment used to fight and control fires. The first type of equipment, known as a fixed system, includes automatic sprinklers, standpipe hoses, and various pipe systems. Supplement fixed systems by providing appropriate types and sizes of portable extinguishers. Train personnel expected to use portable fire extinguishers on their operation and safe use. 

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